Selective antisense compounds and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure provides oligomeric compounds. Certain such oligomeric compounds are useful for hybridizing to a complementary nucleic acid, including but not limited, to nucleic acids in a cell. In certain embodiments, hybridization results in modulation of the amount activity or expression of the target nucleic acid in a cell. In certain embodiments, certain oligomeric compounds selectively reduce the expression of a target nucleic acid transcript relative to a non-target nucleic acid transcript.

SEQUENCE LISTING

The present application is being filed along with a Sequence Listing in electronic format. The Sequence Listing is provided as a file entitled CORE0113USC1_ST25.txt, created Mar. 29, 2019 which is 316 Kb in size. The information in the electronic format of the sequence listing is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Antisense compounds have been used to modulate target nucleic acids. Antisense compounds comprising a variety of chemical modifications and motifs have been reported. In certain instances, such compounds are useful as research tools, diagnostic reagents, and as therapeutic agents. In certain instances antisense compounds have been shown to modulate protein expression by binding to a target messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the protein. In certain instances, such binding of an antisense compound to its target mRNA results in cleavage of the mRNA. Antisense compounds that modulate processing of a pre-mRNA have also been reported. Such antisense compounds alter splicing, interfere with polyadenlyation or prevent formation of the 5′-cap of a pre-mRNA.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides oligomeric compounds comprising oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, such oligonucleotides comprise a region having a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, such oligonucleotides consist of a region having a gapmer motif.

The present disclosure provides the following non-limiting numbered embodiments:

We claim:

Embodiment 1

A oligomeric compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has a modification motif comprising: a 5′-region consisting of 1-9 linked 5′-region nucleosides, each independently selected from among a modified nucleoside and an unmodified deoxynucleoside, provided that at least one 5′-region nucleoside is a modified nucleoside and wherein the 3′-most 5′-region nucleoside is a modified nucleoside;

-   -   a 3′-region consisting of 2-10 linked 3′-region nucleosides,         wherein each 3′-region nucleoside comprises a modified         nucleoside; and     -   a central region between the 5′-region and the 3′-region         consisting of 6-10 linked central region nucleosides, each         independently selected from among: a modified nucleoside and an         unmodified deoxynucleoside, wherein the 5′-most central region         nucleoside is an unmodified deoxynucleoside and the 3′-most         central region nucleoside is an unmodified deoxynucleoside; and         wherein the modified oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence         complementary to the nucleobase sequence of a target region of a         nucleic acid associated with a huntingtin transcript.

Embodiment 2

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 1, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid differs from the nucleobase sequence of at least one non-target nucleic acid by 1-3 differentiating nucleobases.

Embodiment 3

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 1, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid differs from the nucleobase sequence of at least one non-target nucleic acid by a single differentiating nucleobase.

Embodiment 4

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 2 or 3, wherein the target nucleic acid and the non-target nucleic acid are transcripts from different genes.

Embodiment 5

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 2 to 4, wherein the non-target nucleic acid is bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA.

Embodiment 6

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 2 or 3, wherein the target nucleic acid and the non-target nucleic acid are alleles of the same gene.

Embodiment 7

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 6, wherein the single differentiating nucleobase is a single-nucleotide polymorphism.

Embodiment 8

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 7, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is associated with a disease.

Embodiment 9

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the disease is Huntington's disease.

Embodiment 10

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 7, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is selected from among: rs6446723, rs3856973, rs2285086, rs363092, rs916171, rs6844859, rs7691627, rs4690073, rs2024115, rs11731237, rs362296, rs10015979, rs7659144, rs363096, rs362273, rs16843804, rs362271, rs362275, rs3121419, rs362272, rs3775061, rs34315806 rs363099, rs2298967, rs363088, rs363064, rs363102, rs2798235, rs363080, rs363072, rs363125, rs362303, rs362310, rs10488840, rs362325, rs35892913, rs363102, rs363096, rs11731237, rs10015979, rs363080, rs2798235, rs1936032, rs2276881, rs363070, rs35892913, rs12502045, rs6446723, rs7685686, rs3733217, rs6844859, and rs362331.

Embodiment 11

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is selected from among: rs7685686, rs362303 rs4690072, rs362273, rs2024115, rs6446723, rs363064, and rs363088.

Embodiment 12

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is selected from among: rs7685686, rs363088, rs362303, rs362273, rs2024115, rs6446723, and rs363064.

Embodiment 13

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is rs7685686.

Embodiment 14

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is rs363088.

Embodiment 15

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is rs362303.

Embodiment 16

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is rs362273.

Embodiment 17

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is rs2024115.

Embodiment 18

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is rs6446723.

Embodiment 19

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 8, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is rs363064.

Embodiment 20

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-19, wherein the 3′-most 5′-region nucleoside comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety.

Embodiment 21

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 20, wherein the 3′-most 5′-region nucleoside comprises a cEt sugar moiety.

Embodiment 22

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 20, wherein the 3′-most 5′-region nucleoside comprises an LNA sugar moiety.

Embodiment 23

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-22, wherein the central region consists of 6-10 linked nucleosides.

Embodiment 24

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-23, wherein the central region consists of 6-9 linked nucleosides.

Embodiment 25

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 24, wherein the central region consists of 6 linked nucleosides.

Embodiment 26

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 24, wherein the central region consists of 7 linked nucleosides.

Embodiment 27

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 24, wherein the central region consists of 8 linked nucleosides.

Embodiment 28

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 24, wherein the central region consists of 9 linked nucleosides.

Embodiment 29

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-28, wherein each central region nucleoside is an unmodified deoxynucleoside.

Embodiment 30

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-28, wherein at least one central region nucleoside is a modified nucleoside.

Embodiment 31

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 30, wherein one central region nucleoside is a modified nucleoside and each of the other central region nucleosides is an unmodified deoxynucleoside.

Embodiment 32

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 30-31, wherein the modified central region nucleoside comprises a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 33

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 32, wherein the modified nucleobase is selected from among a 2-thio pyrimidine and a 5-propyne pyrimidine.

Embodiment 34

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 32, wherein the modified nucleobase is 2-thiothymine.

Embodiment 35

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 30-34, wherein the 2^(nd) nucleoside from the 5′-end of the central region is a modified nucleoside.

Embodiment 36

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 30-34, wherein the 8^(th) nucleoside from the 3′-end of the central region is a modified nucleoside.

Embodiment 37

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 30-34, wherein the 7^(th) nucleoside from the 3′-end of the central region is a modified nucleoside.

Embodiment 38

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 30-34, wherein the modified nucleoside is a 2-thio pyrimidine.

Embodiment 39

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 30-34, wherein the modified nucleobase is 2-thiothymine.

Embodiment 40

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-39, wherein the central region has a nucleoside motif selected from among: DDDDDDD, DDDDDDDD, DDDDDDDDD, DXDDDDD, DXDDDDDD, and DXDDDDDDD; wherein

-   -   each D is an unmodified deoxynucleoside; and each X is a         modified nucleoside.

Embodiment 41

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 40, wherein each X comprises a modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 42

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 40, wherein each X comprises 2-thio-thymidine.

Embodiment 43

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-42, wherein the 5′ region consists of 1 nucleoside.

Embodiment 44

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-42, wherein the 5′ region consists of 2 linked 5′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 45

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-42, wherein the 5′ region consists of 3 linked 5′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 46

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-42, wherein the 5′ region consists of 4 linked 5′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 47

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-42, wherein the 5′ region consists of 5 linked 5′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 48

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-42, wherein the 5′ region consists of 6 linked 5′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 49

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-42, wherein the 5′ region consists of 7 linked 5′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 50

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-42, wherein the 5′ region consists of 8 linked 5′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 51

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-42, wherein the 5′ region consists of 9 linked 5′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 52

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-51 wherein at least one 5′-region nucleoside is an RNA-like nucleoside.

Embodiment 53

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-51 wherein each 5′-region nucleoside is an RNA-like nucleoside.

Embodiment 54

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-53 comprising at least one modified 5′-region nucleoside comprising a modified sugar.

Embodiment 55

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 54 comprising at least one modified 5′-region nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety.

Embodiment 56

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 55 comprising at least one modified 5′-region nucleoside comprising a cEt sugar moiety.

Embodiment 57

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 55 comprising at least one modified 5′-region nucleoside comprising an LNA sugar moiety.

Embodiment 58

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 54-57 comprising at least one modified 5′-region nucleoside comprising a 2′-substituted sugar moiety.

Embodiment 59

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 54-58 comprising at least one modified 5′-region nucleoside comprising a 2′-MOE sugar moiety.

Embodiment 60

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-59, wherein the 5′-region has a motif selected from among: eeeedk, eeeee, eeeeedk, eeeeeeeek, eeeeeeek, eeeeek, eeeek, eeeekk, eeek, eeek, eeekk, eek, eekk, ek, ekek, ekek, ekk, ekkdk, ekkkk, and k, wherein each “e” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside, each “k” is a cEt modified nucleoside, and each “d” is an unmodified deoxynucleoside.

Embodiment 61

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-60, wherein the 3′ region consists of 2 linked 3′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 62

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-60, wherein the 3′ region consists of 3 linked 3′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 63

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-60, wherein the 3′ region consists of 4 linked 3′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 64

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-60, wherein the 3′ region consists of 5 linked 3′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 65

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-60, wherein the 3′ region consists of 6 linked 3′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 66

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-60, wherein the 3′ region consists of 7 linked 3′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 67

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-60, wherein the 3′ region consists of 8 linked 3′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 68

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-60, wherein the 3′ region consists of 9 linked 3′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 69

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-60, wherein the 3′ region consists of 10 linked 3′-region nucleosides.

Embodiment 70

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-69, wherein each 3′-region nucleoside is a modified nucleoside.

Embodiment 71

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-69, wherein at least one 3′-region nucleoside is an RNA-like nucleoside.

Embodiment 72

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-69, wherein each 3′-region nucleoside is an RNA-like nucleoside.

Embodiment 73

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-72, comprising at least one modified 3′-region nucleoside comprising a modified sugar.

Embodiment 74

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 73, comprising at least one modified 3′-region nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety.

Embodiment 75

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 74, comprising at least one modified 3′-region nucleoside comprising a cEt sugar moiety.

Embodiment 76

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 74, comprising at least one modified 3′-region nucleoside comprising an LNA sugar moiety.

Embodiment 77

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-73 wherein each modified 3′-region nucleoside comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety.

Embodiment 78

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-73 wherein at least one modified 3′-region nucleoside comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety.

Embodiment 79

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 77 or 78, wherein the modified 3′-region nucleoside is a 2′-MOE sugar moiety.

Embodiment 80

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-73, wherein the 3′-region has a motif selected from among: eee, eeee, eeeee, eeeeee, eeeeeee, eeeeeeee, eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, eeeekek, eeeekeke, eeek, eeeke, eeekek, eeekeke, eeekekee, eeekk, eeke, eekek, eekeke, eekekee, eekk, kee, keee, keeee, keeeke, keeekee, keek, keeke, keekee, keekeee, keekk, keke, kekee, kke, kkeee, kkeek, and kkke, wherein each “e” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside and each “k” is a cEt modified nucleoside.

Embodiment 81

The oligomeric compound of embodiments 1-80, wherein the 5′-region has a motif selected from among: eeeedk, eeeee, eeeeedk, eeeeeeeek, eeeeeeek, eeeeek, eeeek, eeeekk, eeek, eeek, eeekk, eek, eekk, ek, ekek, ekek, ekk, ekkdk, ekkkk, and k;

-   -   wherein the 3′-region has a motif selected from among: eee,         eeee, eeeee, eeeeee, eeeeeee, eeeeeeee, eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee,         eeeekek, eeeekeke, eeek, eeeke, eeekek, eeekeke, eeekekee,         eeekk, eeke, eekek, eekeke, eekekee, eekk, kee, keee, keeee,         keeeke, keeekee, keek, keeke, keekee, keekeee, keekk, keke,         kekee, kke, kkeee, kkeek, and kkke;     -   wherein the central region has a nucleoside motif selected from         among: DDDDDDD, DDDDDDDD, DDDDDDDDD, DXDDDDD, DXDDDDDD, and         DXDDDDDDD; and     -   wherein each “e” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside, each “k” is a         cEt modified nucleoside, each “d” is an unmodified         deoxynucleoside, and each “X” is a modified nucleoside or a         modified nucleobase.

Embodiment 82

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 81, wherein each X comprises a 2-thio-thymidine.

Embodiment 83

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-82 comprising at least one modified internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 84

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 83, wherein each internucleoside linkage is a modified internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 85

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 83 or 84 comprising at least one phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 86

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 84, wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 87

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 83, wherein the 5′-most internucleoside linkage of the 5′-region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, wherein the 3′-most internucleoside linkage of the 3′-region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and wherein each internucleoside linkage of the central region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 88

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 83, wherein the 5′-most internucleoside linkage of the 5′-region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, wherein the 3′-most internucleoside linkage of the 3′-region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, wherein each internucleoside linkage of the central region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and wherein each remaining internucleoside linkage is a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 89

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 87, wherein the oligomeric compound contains 2 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 90

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 87, wherein the oligomeric compound contains 3 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 91

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 87, wherein the oligomeric compound contains 4 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 92

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 87, wherein the oligomeric compound contains 5 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 93

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 87, wherein the oligomeric compound contains 6 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 94

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 87, wherein the 5′-region of the oligomeric compound contains 1 phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 95

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 87, wherein the 5′-region of the oligomeric compound contains 2 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 96

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 87, wherein the 5′-region of the oligomeric compound contains 3 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 97

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 3′-region of the oligomeric compound contains 1 phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 98

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 3′-region of the oligomeric compound contains 2 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 99

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 3′-region of the oligomeric compound contains 3 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 100

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 3′-region of the oligomeric compound contains 4 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 101

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 3′-region of the oligomeric compound contains 5 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 102

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 3′-region of the oligomeric compound contains 6 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 103

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 2nd, internucleoside bond from 3′-end of the oligomeric compound is a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 104

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 3rd, internucleoside bond from 3′-end of the oligomeric compound is a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 105

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 2^(nd), 3^(rd) and 4^(th) internucleoside bonds from 3′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 106

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 3^(rd) and 4^(th) internucleoside bonds from 3′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 107

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 3^(rd), 4^(th), and 5^(th), internucleoside bonds from 3′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 108

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 4^(th) and 5^(th) internucleoside bonds from 3′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 109

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), and 6^(th), internucleoside bonds from 3′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 110

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 94 to 96, wherein the 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), and 6^(th), internucleoside bonds from 3′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 111

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 97 to 110, wherein the 2^(nd) internucleoside bond from 5′-end of the oligomeric compound is a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 112

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 97 to 110, wherein the 3^(rd) internucleoside bond from 5′-end of the oligomeric compound is a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.

Embodiment 113

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 97 to 110, wherein the 2^(nd) and 3^(rd) internucleoside bonds from 5′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 114

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 97 to 110, wherein the 2^(nd) 3^(rd), and 4^(th) internucleoside bonds from 5′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 115

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 97 to 110, wherein the 3^(rd) and 4^(th) internucleoside bonds from 5′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 116

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 97 to 110, wherein the 2^(nd), 3^(rd), 4^(th), and 5^(th) internucleoside bonds from 5′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 117

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 97 to 110, wherein the 3^(rd) 4^(th), and 5^(th) internucleoside bonds from 5′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 118

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 97 to 110, wherein the 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), and 6^(th) internucleoside bonds from 5′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 119

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 87 or 97 to 110, wherein the 3^(rd), 4^(th), 5^(th), 6^(th), and 7^(th) internucleoside bonds from 5′-end of the oligomeric compound are phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.

Embodiment 120

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-119 comprising at least one conjugate group.

Embodiment 121

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 1-120, wherein the conjugate group consists of a conjugate.

Embodiment 122

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 120, wherein the conjugate group consists of a conjugate and a conjugate linker.

Embodiment 123

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-122, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide is 100% complementary to the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid.

Embodiment 124

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-122, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide contains one mismatch relative to the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid.

Embodiment 125

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-122, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide contains two mismatches relative to the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid.

Embodiment 126

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-122, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises a hybridizing region and at least one non-targeting region, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the hybridizing region is complementary to the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid.

Embodiment 127

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 126, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the hybridizing region is 90% complementary to the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid.

Embodiment 128

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 126, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the hybridizing region is 95% complementary to the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid.

Embodiment 129

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 126, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the hybridizing region is 100% complementary to the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid.

Embodiment 130

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 126, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the hybridizing region contains one mismatch relative to the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid.

Embodiment 131

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 126-129, wherein the nucleobase sequence of at least one non-targeting region is complementary to a portion of the hybridizing region of the modified oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 132

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 126, wherein the nucleobase sequence of at least one non-targeting region is 100% complementary to a portion of the hybridizing region of the modified oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 133

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 126 wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide comprises two non-targeting regions flanking a central hybridizing region.

Embodiment 134

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 133, wherein the two non-targeting regions are complementary to one another.

Embodiment 135

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 134, wherein the two non-targeting regions are 100% complementary to one another.

Embodiment 136

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 2-135, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide aligns with the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid such that a distinguishing nucleobase of the target region of the target nucleic acid aligns with a target-selective nucleoside within the central region of the modified oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 137

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 3-135, wherein the nucleobase sequence of the modified oligonucleotide aligns with the nucleobase of the target region of the target nucleic acid such that the single distinguishing nucleobase of the target region of the target nucleic acid aligns with a target-selective nucleoside within the central region of the modified oligonucleotide.

Embodiment 138

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is the 5′-most nucleoside of the central region.

Embodiment 139

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is the 2^(nd) nucleoside from the 5′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 140

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 3^(rd) nucleoside from the 5′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 141

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 4^(th) nucleoside from the 5′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 142

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 5^(th) nucleoside from the 5′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 143

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 6^(th) nucleoside from the 5′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 144

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 7^(th) nucleoside from the 5′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 145

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 8^(th) nucleoside from the 5′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 146

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 9^(th) nucleoside from the 5′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 147

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 2^(nd) nucleoside from the 3′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 148

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 3^(rd) nucleoside from the 3′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 149

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 4^(th) nucleoside from the 3′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 150

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 5^(th) nucleoside from the 3′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 151

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 6^(th) nucleoside from the 3′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 152

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 7^(th) nucleoside from the 3′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 153

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 8^(th) nucleoside from the 3′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 154

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 136 or 137, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is at the 9^(th) nucleoside from the 3′-end of the central region.

Embodiment 155

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-154, wherein the oligomeric compound has a nucleobase sequence comprising a nucleobase sequence selected from among SEQ ID NO. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, or 39.

Embodiment 156

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-154, wherein the oligomeric compound has a nucleobase sequence selected from among SEQ ID NO. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, or 39.

Embodiment 157

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-156, wherein target-selective nucleoside is an unmodified deoxynucleoside.

Embodiment 158

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-156, wherein target-selective nucleoside is a modified nucleoside.

Embodiment 159

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-156, wherein the target-selective nucleoside is a sugar modified nucleoside.

Embodiment 160

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 159, wherein the target-selective nucleoside comprises a sugar modification selected from among: 2′-MOE and cEt.

Embodiment 161

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-160, wherein the target-selective nucleoside comprises a nucleobase modification.

Embodiment 162

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 161, wherein the modified nucleobase is selected from among: a 2-thio pyrimidine and a 5-propyne pyrimidine.

Embodiment 163

The oligomeric compound of any of embodiments 1-162, wherein the oligomeric compound is an antisense compound.

Embodiment 164

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 163, wherein the oligomeric compound selectively reduces expression of the target relative to the non-target.

Embodiment 165

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 164, wherein the oligomeric compound reduces expression of target at least two-fold more than it reduces expression of the non-target.

Embodiment 166

The oligomeric compound of embodiment 165, having an EC₅₀ for reduction of expression of target that is at least two-fold lower than its EC₅₀ for reduction of expression of the non-target, when measured in cells.

Embodiment 167

The oligomeric compound of claim 165, having an ED₅₀ for reduction of expression of target that is at least two-fold lower than its ED₅₀ for reduction of expression of the non-target, when measured in an animal.

Embodiment 168

A method comprising contacting a cell with an oligomeric compound of any of claims 1-167.

Embodiment 169

The method of claim 168, wherein the cell is in vitro.

Embodiment 170

The method of claim 168, wherein the cell is in an animal.

Embodiment 171

The method of claim 170, wherein the animal is a human.

Embodiment 172

The method of claim 170, wherein the animal is a mouse.

Embodiment 173

A pharmaceutical composition comprising an oligomeric compound of any of claims 1-167 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.

Embodiment 174

A method of administering a pharmaceutical composition of claim 173 to an animal.

Embodiment 175

The method of claim 174, wherein the animal is a human.

Embodiment 176

The method of claim 174, wherein the animal is a mouse.

Embodiment 177

Use of an oligomeric compound of any of claims 1-167 for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment or amelioration of Huntington's disease.

Embodiment 178

A method of ameliorating a symptom of Huntington's disease, comprising administering an oligomeric compound of any of claims 1-167 to an animal in need thereof.

Embodiment 179

The method of claim 178, wherein the animal is a human.

Embodiment 180

The method of claim 178, wherein the animal is a mouse.

-   -   In certain embodiments, including but not limited to any of the         above numbered embodiments, oligomeric compounds including         oligonucleotides described herein are capable of modulating         expression of a target RNA. In certain embodiments, the target         RNA is associated with a disease or disorder, or encodes a         protein that is associated with a disease or disorder. In         certain embodiments, the oligomeric compounds or         oligonucleotides provided herein modulate the expression of         function of such RNA to alleviate one or more symptom of the         disease or disorder.

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds including oligonucleotides describe herein are useful in vitro. In certain embodiments such oligomeric compounds are used in diagnostics and/or for target validation experiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. Herein, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “including” as well as other forms, such as “includes” and “included”, is not limiting. Also, terms such as “element” or “component” encompass both elements and components comprising one unit and elements and components that comprise more than one subunit, unless specifically stated otherwise.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described. All documents, or portions of documents, cited in this application, including, but not limited to, patents, patent applications, articles, books, and treatises, are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entirety for any purpose.

A. Definitions

Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclature used in connection with, and the procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are those well known and commonly used in the art. Standard techniques may be used for chemical synthesis, and chemical analysis. Certain such techniques and procedures may be found for example in “Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research” Edited by Sangvi and Cook, American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 1994; “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 21^(st) edition, 2005; and “Antisense Drug Technology, Principles, Strategies, and Applications” Edited by Stanley T. Crooke, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.; and Sambrook et al., “Molecular Cloning, A laboratory Manual,” 2^(nd) Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, which are hereby incorporated by reference for any purpose. Where permitted, all patents, applications, published applications and other publications and other data referred to throughout in the disclosure are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Unless otherwise indicated, the following terms have the following meanings:

As used herein, “nucleoside” means a compound comprising a nucleobase moiety and a sugar moiety. Nucleosides include, but are not limited to, naturally occurring nucleosides (as found in DNA and RNA) and modified nucleosides. Nucleosides may be linked to a phosphate moiety.

As used herein, “chemical modification” means a chemical difference in a compound when compared to a naturally occurring counterpart. Chemical modifications of oligonucleotides include nucleoside modifications (including sugar moiety modifications and nucleobase modifications) and internucleoside linkage modifications. In reference to an oligonucleotide, chemical modification does not include differences only in nucleobase sequence.

As used herein, “furanosyl” means a structure comprising a 5-membered ring comprising four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.

As used herein, “naturally occurring sugar moiety” means a ribofuranosyl as found in naturally occurring RNA or a deoxyribofuranosyl as found in naturally occurring DNA.

As used herein, “sugar moiety” means a naturally occurring sugar moiety or a modified sugar moiety of a nucleoside.

As used herein, “modified sugar moiety” means a substituted sugar moiety or a sugar surrogate.

As used herein, “substituted sugar moiety” means a furanosyl that is not a naturally occurring sugar moiety. Substituted sugar moieties include, but are not limited to furanosyls comprising substituents at the 2′-position, the 3′-position, the 5′-position and/or the 4′-position. Certain substituted sugar moieties are bicyclic sugar moieties.

As used herein, “2′-substituted sugar moiety” means a furanosyl comprising a substituent at the 2′-position other than H or OH. Unless otherwise indicated, a 2′-substituted sugar moiety is not a bicyclic sugar moiety (i.e., the 2′-substituent of a 2′-substituted sugar moiety does not form a bridge to another atom of the furanosyl ring.

As used herein, “MOE” means —OCH₂CH₂OCH₃.

As used herein, “2′-F nucleoside” refers to a nucleoside comprising a sugar comprising fluoroine at the 2′ position. Unless otherwise indicated, the fluorine in a 2′-F nucleoside is in the ribo position (replacing the OH of a natural ribose).

As used herein, “2′-(ara)-F” refers to a 2′-F substituted nucleoside, wherein the fluoro group is in the arabino position.

As used herein the term “sugar surrogate” means a structure that does not comprise a furanosyl and that is capable of replacing the naturally occurring sugar moiety of a nucleoside, such that the resulting nucleoside sub-units are capable of linking together and/or linking to other nucleosides to form an oligomeric compound which is capable of hybridizing to a complementary oligomeric compound. Such structures include rings comprising a different number of atoms than furanosyl (e.g., 4, 6, or 7-membered rings); replacement of the oxygen of a furanosyl with a non-oxygen atom (e.g., carbon, sulfur, or nitrogen); or both a change in the number of atoms and a replacement of the oxygen. Such structures may also comprise substitutions corresponding to those described for substituted sugar moieties (e.g., 6-membered carbocyclic bicyclic sugar surrogates optionally comprising additional substituents). Sugar surrogates also include more complex sugar replacements (e.g., the non-ring systems of peptide nucleic acid). Sugar surrogates include without limitation morpholinos, cyclohexenyls and cyclohexitols.

As used herein, “bicyclic sugar moiety” means a modified sugar moiety comprising a 4 to 7 membered ring (including but not limited to a furanosyl) comprising a bridge connecting two atoms of the 4 to 7 membered ring to form a second ring, resulting in a bicyclic structure. In certain embodiments, the 4 to 7 membered ring is a sugar ring. In certain embodiments the 4 to 7 membered ring is a furanosyl. In certain such embodiments, the bridge connects the 2′-carbon and the 4′-carbon of the furanosyl.

As used herein, “nucleotide” means a nucleoside further comprising a phosphate linking group. As used herein, “linked nucleosides” may or may not be linked by phosphate linkages and thus includes, but is not limited to “linked nucleotides.” As used herein, “linked nucleosides” are nucleosides that are connected in a continuous sequence (i.e. no additional nucleosides are present between those that are linked).

As used herein, “nucleobase” means a group of atoms that can be linked to a sugar moiety to create a nucleoside that is capable of incorporation into an oligonucleotide, and wherein the group of atoms is capable of bonding with a complementary naturally occurring nucleobase of another oligonucleotide or nucleic acid.

Nucleobases may be naturally occurring or may be modified.

As used herein the terms, “unmodified nucleobase” or “naturally occurring nucleobase” means the naturally occurring heterocyclic nucleobases of RNA or DNA: the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) (including 5-methyl C), and uracil (U).

As used herein, “modified nucleobase” means any nucleobase that is not a naturally occurring nucleobase.

As used herein, “modified nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising at least one chemical modification compared to naturally occurring RNA or DNA nucleosides. Modified nucleosides comprise a modified sugar moiety and/or a modified nucleobase.

As used herein, “bicyclic nucleoside” or “BNA” means a nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety.

As used herein, “constrained ethyl nucleoside” or “cEt” means a nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety comprising a 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′bridge.

As used herein, “locked nucleic acid nucleoside” or “LNA” means a nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety comprising a 4′-CH₂—O-2′bridge.

As used herein, “2′-substituted nucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising a substituent at the 2′-position other than H or OH. Unless otherwise indicated, a 2′-substituted nucleoside is not a bicyclic nucleoside.

As used herein, “2′-deoxynucleoside” means a nucleoside comprising 2′-H furanosyl sugar moiety, as found in naturally occurring deoxyribonucleosides (DNA). In certain embodiments, a 2′-deoxynucleoside may comprise a modified nucleobase or may comprise an RNA nucleobase (e.g., uracil).

As used herein, “RNA-like nucleoside” means a modified nucleoside that adopts a northern configuration and functions like RNA when incorporated into an oligonucleotide. RNA-like nucleosides include, but are not limited to 3′-endo furanosyl nucleosides and RNA surrogates.

As used herein, “3′-endo-furanosyl nucleoside” means an RNA-like nucleoside that comprises a substituted sugar moiety that has a 3′-endo conformation. 3′-endo-furanosyl nucleosides include, but are not limited to: 2′-MOE, 2′-F, 2′-OMe, LNA, ENA, and cEt nucleosides.

As used herein, “RNA-surrogate nucleoside” means an RNA-like nucleoside that does not comprise a furanosyl. RNA-surrogate nucleosides include, but are not limited to hexitols and cyclopentanes.

As used herein, “oligonucleotide” means a compound comprising a plurality of linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, an oligonucleotide comprises one or more unmodified ribonucleosides (RNA) and/or unmodified deoxyribonucleosides (DNA) and/or one or more modified nucleosides.

As used herein “oligonucleoside” means an oligonucleotide in which none of the internucleoside linkages contains a phosphorus atom. As used herein, oligonucleotides include oligonucleosides.

As used herein, “modified oligonucleotide” means an oligonucleotide comprising at least one modified nucleoside and/or at least one modified internucleoside linkage.

As used herein “internucleoside linkage” means a covalent linkage between adjacent nucleosides in an oligonucleotide.

As used herein “naturally occurring internucleoside linkage” means a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

As used herein, “modified internucleoside linkage” means any internucleoside linkage other than a naturally occurring internucleoside linkage.

As used herein, “oligomeric compound” means a polymeric structure comprising two or more sub-structures. In certain embodiments, an oligomeric compound comprises an oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, an oligomeric compound comprises one or more conjugate groups and/or terminal groups. In certain embodiments, an oligomeric compound consists of an oligonucleotide.

As used herein, “terminal group” means one or more atom attached to either, or both, the 3′ end or the 5′ end of an oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments a terminal group is a conjugate group. In certain embodiments, a terminal group comprises one or more terminal group nucleosides.

As used herein, “conjugate” means an atom or group of atoms bound to an oligonucleotide or oligomeric compound. In general, conjugate groups modify one or more properties of the compound to which they are attached, including, but not limited to pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic, binding, absorption, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and/or clearance properties.

As used herein, “conjugate linking group” means any atom or group of atoms used to attach a conjugate to an oligonucleotide or oligomeric compound.

As used herein, “antisense compound” means a compound comprising or consisting of an oligonucleotide at least a portion of which is complementary to a target nucleic acid to which it is capable of hybridizing, resulting in at least one antisense activity.

As used herein, “antisense activity” means any detectable and/or measurable change attributable to the hybridization of an antisense compound to its target nucleic acid.

As used herein, “detecting” or “measuring” means that a test or assay for detecting or measuring is performed. Such detection and/or measuring may result in a value of zero. Thus, if a test for detection or measuring results in a finding of no activity (activity of zero), the step of detecting or measuring the activity has nevertheless been performed.

As used herein, “detectable and/or measureable activity” means a measurable activity that is not zero.

As used herein, “essentially unchanged” means little or no change in a particular parameter, particularly relative to another parameter which changes much more. In certain embodiments, a parameter is essentially unchanged when it changes less than 5%. In certain embodiments, a parameter is essentially unchanged if it changes less than two-fold while another parameter changes at least ten-fold. For example, in certain embodiments, an antisense activity is a change in the amount of a target nucleic acid. In certain such embodiments, the amount of a non-target nucleic acid is essentially unchanged if it changes much less than the target nucleic acid does, but the change need not be zero.

As used herein, “expression” means the process by which a gene ultimately results in a protein.

Expression includes, but is not limited to, transcription, post-transcriptional modification (e.g., splicing, polyadenlyation, addition of 5′-cap), and translation.

As used herein, “target nucleic acid” means a nucleic acid molecule to which an antisense compound is intended to hybridize.

As used herein, “non-target nucleic acid” means a nucleic acid molecule to which hybridization of an antisense compound is not intended or desired. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds do hybridize to a non-target, due to homology between the target (intended) and non-target (un-intended).

As used herein, “mRNA” means an RNA molecule that encodes a protein.

As used herein, “pre-mRNA” means an RNA transcript that has not been fully processed into mRNA.

Pre-RNA includes one or more intron.

As used herein, “object RNA” means an RNA molecule other than a target RNA, the amount, activity, splicing, and/or function of which is modulated, either directly or indirectly, by a target nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, a target nucleic acid modulates splicing of an object RNA. In certain such embodiments, an antisense compound modulates the amount or activity of the target nucleic acid, resulting in a change in the splicing of an object RNA and ultimately resulting in a change in the activity or function of the object RNA.

As used herein, “microRNA” means a naturally occurring, small, non-coding RNA that represses gene expression of at least one mRNA. In certain embodiments, a microRNA represses gene expression by binding to a target site within a 3′ untranslated region of an mRNA. In certain embodiments, a microRNA has a nucleobase sequence as set forth in miRBase, a database of published microRNA sequences found at microrna.sanger.ac.uk/sequences/. In certain embodiments, a microRNA has a nucleobase sequence as set forth in miRBase version 12.0 released September 2008, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

As used herein, “microRNA mimic” means an oligomeric compound having a sequence that is at least partially identical to that of a microRNA. In certain embodiments, a microRNA mimic comprises the microRNA seed region of a microRNA. In certain embodiments, a microRNA mimic modulates translation of more than one target nucleic acids. In certain embodiments, a microRNA mimic is double-stranded.

As used herein, “differentiating nucleobase” means a nucleobase that differs between two nucleic acids. In certain instances, a target region of a target nucleic acid differs by 1-4 nucleobases from a non-target nucleic acid. Each of those differences is refered to as a differentiating nucleobase. In certain instances, a differentiating nucleobase is a single-nucleotide polymorphism.

As used herein, “target-selective nucleoside” means a nucleoside of an antisense compound that corresponds to a differentiating nucleobase of a target nucleic acid.

As used herein, “allele” means one of a pair of copies of a gene existing at a particular locus or marker on a specific chromosome, or one member of a pair of nucleobases existing at a particular locus or marker on a specific chromosome, or one member of a pair of nucleobase sequences existing at a particular locus or marker on a specific chromosome. For a diploid organism or cell or for autosomal chromosomes, each allelic pair will normally occupy corresponding positions (loci) on a pair of homologous chromosomes, one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father. If these alleles are identical, the organism or cell is said to be “homozygous” for that allele; if they differ, the organism or cell is said to be “heterozygous” for that allele. “Wild-type allele” refers to the genotype typically not associated with disease or dysfunction of the gene product. “Mutant allele” refers to the genotype associated with disease or dysfunction of the gene product.

As used herein, “allelic variant” means a particular identity of an allele, where more than one identity occurs. For example, an allelic variant may refer to either the mutant allele or the wild-type allele.

As used herein, “single nucleotide polymorphism” or “SNP” means a single nucleotide variation between the genomes of individuals of the same species. In some cases, a SNP may be a single nucleotide deletion or insertion. In general, SNPs occur relatively frequently in genomes and thus contribute to genetic diversity. The location of a SNP is generally flanked by highly conserved sequences. An individual may be homozygous or heterozygous for an allele at each SNP site.

As used herein, “single nucleotide polymorphism site” or “SNP site” refers to the nucleotides surrounding a SNP contained in a target nucleic acid to which an antisense compound is targeted.

As used herein, “targeting” or “targeted to” means the association of an antisense compound to a particular target nucleic acid molecule or a particular region of a target nucleic acid molecule. An antisense compound targets a target nucleic acid if it is sufficiently complementary to the target nucleic acid to allow hybridization under physiological conditions.

As used herein, “nucleobase complementarity” or “complementarity” when in reference to nucleobases means a nucleobase that is capable of base pairing with another nucleobase. For example, in DNA, adenine (A) is complementary to thymine (T). For example, in RNA, adenine (A) is complementary to uracil (U). In certain embodiments, complementary nucleobase means a nucleobase of an antisense compound that is capable of base pairing with a nucleobase of its target nucleic acid. For example, if a nucleobase at a certain position of an antisense compound is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleobase at a certain position of a target nucleic acid, then the position of hydrogen bonding between the oligonucleotide and the target nucleic acid is considered to be complementary at that nucleobase pair.

Nucleobases comprising certain modifications may maintain the ability to pair with a counterpart nucleobase and thus, are still capable of nucleobase complementarity.

As used herein, “non-complementary” in reference to nucleobases means a pair of nucleobases that do not form hydrogen bonds with one another.

As used herein, “complementary” in reference to oligomeric compounds (e.g., linked nucleosides, oligonucleotides, or nucleic acids) means the capacity of such oligomeric compounds or regions thereof to hybridize to another oligomeric compound or region thereof through nucleobase complementarity under stringent conditions. Complementary oligomeric compounds need not have nucleobase complementarity at each nucleoside. Rather, some mismatches are tolerated. In certain embodiments, complementary oligomeric compounds or regions are complementary at 70% of the nucleobases (70% complementary). In certain embodiments, complementary oligomeric compounds or regions are 80% complementary. In certain embodiments, complementary oligomeric compounds or regions are 90% complementary. In certain embodiments, complementary oligomeric compounds or regions are 95% complementary. In certain embodiments, complementary oligomeric compounds or regions are 100% complementary.

As used herein, “mismatch” means a nucleobase of a first oligomeric compound that is not capable of pairing with a nucleobase at a corresponding position of a second oligomeric compound, when the first and second oligomeric compound are aligned. Either or both of the first and second oligomeric compounds may be oligonucleotides.

As used herein, “hybridization” means the pairing of complementary oligomeric compounds (e.g., an antisense compound and its target nucleic acid). While not limited to a particular mechanism, the most common mechanism of pairing involves hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleobases.

As used herein, “specifically hybridizes” means the ability of an oligomeric compound to hybridize to one nucleic acid site with greater affinity than it hybridizes to another nucleic acid site. In certain embodiments, an antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizes to more than one target site.

As used herein, “fully complementary” in reference to an oligonucleotide or portion thereof means that each nucleobase of the oligonucleotide or portion thereof is capable of pairing with a nucleobase of a complementary nucleic acid or contiguous portion thereof. Thus, a fully complementary region comprises no mismatches or unhybridized nucleobases in either strand.

As used herein, “percent complementarity” means the percentage of nucleobases of an oligomeric compound that are complementary to an equal-length portion of a target nucleic acid. Percent complementarity is calculated by dividing the number of nucleobases of the oligomeric compound that are complementary to nucleobases at corresponding positions in the target nucleic acid by the total length of the oligomeric compound.

As used herein, “percent identity” means the number ofnucleobases in a first nucleic acid that are the same type (independent of chemical modification) as nucleobases at corresponding positions in a second nucleic acid, divided by the total number of nucleobases in the first nucleic acid.

As used herein, “modulation” means a change of amount or quality of a molecule, function, or activity when compared to the amount or quality of a molecule, function, or activity prior to modulation. For example, modulation includes the change, either an increase (stimulation or induction) or a decrease (inhibition or reduction) in gene expression. As a further example, modulation of expression can include a change in splice site selection of pre-mRNA processing, resulting in a change in the absolute or relative amount of a particular splice-variant compared to the amount in the absence of modulation.

As used herein, “modification motif” means a pattern of chemical modifications in an oligomeric compound or a region thereof. Motifs may be defined by modifications at certain nucleosides and/or at certain linking groups of an oligomeric compound.

As used herein, “nucleoside motif” means a pattern of nucleoside modifications in an oligomeric compound or a region thereof. The linkages of such an oligomeric compound may be modified or unmodified. Unless otherwise indicated, motifs herein describing only nucleosides are intended to be nucleoside motifs. Thus, in such instances, the linkages are not limited.

As used herein, “sugar motif” means a pattern of sugar modifications in an oligomeric compound or a region thereof.

As used herein, “linkage motif” means a pattern of linkage modifications in an oligomeric compound or region thereof. The nucleosides of such an oligomeric compound may be modified or unmodified. Unless otherwise indicated, motifs herein describing only linkages are intended to be linkage motifs. Thus, in such instances, the nucleosides are not limited.

As used herein, “nucleobase modification motif” means a pattern of modifications to nucleobases along an oligonucleotide. Unless otherwise indicated, a nucleobase modification motif is independent of the nucleobase sequence.

As used herein, “sequence motif” means a pattern of nucleobases arranged along an oligonucleotide or portion thereof. Unless otherwise indicated, a sequence motif is independent of chemical modifications and thus may have any combination of chemical modifications, including no chemical modifications.

As used herein, “type of modification” in reference to a nucleoside or a nucleoside of a “type” means the chemical modification of a nucleoside and includes modified and unmodified nucleosides. Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated, a “nucleoside having a modification of a first type” may be an unmodified nucleoside.

As used herein, “differently modified” mean chemical modifications or chemical substituents that are different from one another, including absence of modifications. Thus, for example, a MOE nucleoside and an unmodified DNA nucleoside are “differently modified,” even though the DNA nucleoside is unmodified.

Likewise, DNA and RNA are “differently modified,” even though both are naturally-occurring unmodified nucleosides. Nucleosides that are the same but for comprising different nucleobases are not differently modified. For example, a nucleoside comprising a 2′-OMe modified sugar and an unmodified adenine nucleobase and a nucleoside comprising a 2′-OMe modified sugar and an unmodified thymine nucleobase are not differently modified.

As used herein, “the same type of modifications” refers to modifications that are the same as one another, including absence of modifications. Thus, for example, two unmodified DNA nucleoside have “the same type of modification,” even though the DNA nucleoside is unmodified. Such nucleosides having the same type modification may comprise different nucleobases.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent” means any substance suitable for use in administering to an animal. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent is sterile saline. In certain embodiments, such sterile saline is pharmaceutical grade saline.

As used herein, “substituent” and “substituent group,” means an atom or group that replaces the atom or group of a named parent compound. For example a substituent of a modified nucleoside is any atom or group that differs from the atom or group found in a naturally occurring nucleoside (e.g., a modified 2′-substuent is any atom or group at the 2′-position of a nucleoside other than H or OH). Substituent groups can be protected or unprotected. In certain embodiments, compounds of the present invention have substituents at one or at more than one position of the parent compound. Substituents may also be further substituted with other substituent groups and may be attached directly or via a linking group such as an alkyl or hydrocarbyl group to a parent compound.

Likewise, as used herein, “substituent” in reference to a chemical functional group means an atom or group of atoms differs from the atom or a group of atoms normally present in the named functional group. In certain embodiments, a substituent replaces a hydrogen atom of the functional group (e.g., in certain embodiments, the substituent of a substituted methyl group is an atom or group other than hydrogen which replaces one of the hydrogen atoms of an unsubstituted methyl group). Unless otherwise indicated, groups amenable for use as substituents include without limitation, halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, acyl (—C(O)R_(aa)), carboxyl (—C(O)O—R_(aa)), aliphatic groups, alicyclic groups, alkoxy, substituted oxy (—O—R_(aa)), aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclic radical, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, amino (—N(R_(bb))(R_(cc))), imino(═NR_(bb)), amido (—C(O)N(R_(bb))(R_(cc)) or —N(R_(bb))C(O)R_(aa)), azido (—N₃), nitro (—NO₂), cyano (—CN), carbamido (—OC(O)N(R_(bb))(R_(cc)) or —N(R_(bb))C(O)OR_(aa)), ureido (—N(R_(bb))C(O)N(R_(bb))(R_(cc))), thioureido (—N(R_(bb))C(S)N(R_(bb))—(R_(cc))), guanidinyl (—N(R_(bb))C(═NR_(bb))N(R_(bb))(R_(cc))), amidinyl (—C(═NR_(bb))N(R_(bb))(R_(cc)) or —N(R_(bb))C(═NR_(bb))(R_(aa))), thiol (—SR_(bb)), sulfinyl (—S(O)R_(bb)), sulfonyl (—S(O)₂R_(bb)) and sulfonamidyl (—S(O)₂N(R_(bb))(R_(cc)) or —N(R_(bb))S—(O)₂R_(bb)). Wherein each R_(aa), R_(bb) and R_(cc) is, independently, H, an optionally linked chemical functional group or a further substituent group with a preferred list including without limitation, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aliphatic, alkoxy, acyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, alicyclic, heterocyclic and heteroarylalkyl. Selected substituents within the compounds described herein are present to a recursive degree.

As used herein, “alkyl,” as used herein, means a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups include without limitation, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isopropyl, n-hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl and the like. Alkyl groups typically include from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms (C₁-C₁₂ alkyl) with from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred.

As used herein, “alkenyl,” means a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Examples of alkenyl groups include without limitation, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 1-methyl-2-buten-1-yl, dienes such as 1,3-butadiene and the like. Alkenyl groups typically include from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. Alkenyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substituent groups.

As used herein, “alkynyl,” means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms and having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Examples of alkynyl groups include, without limitation, ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 1-butynyl, and the like. Alkynyl groups typically include from 2 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 2 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 2 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. Alkynyl groups as used herein may optionally include one or more further substituent groups.

As used herein, “acyl,” means a radical formed by removal of a hydroxyl group from an organic acid and has the general Formula —C(O)—X where X is typically aliphatic, alicyclic or aromatic. Examples include aliphatic carbonyls, aromatic carbonyls, aliphatic sulfonyls, aromatic sulfinyls, aliphatic sulfinyls, aromatic phosphates, aliphatic phosphates and the like. Acyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups.

As used herein, “alicyclic” means a cyclic ring system wherein the ring is aliphatic. The ring system can comprise one or more rings wherein at least one ring is aliphatic. Preferred alicyclics include rings having from about 5 to about 9 carbon atoms in the ring. Alicyclic as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups.

As used herein, “aliphatic” means a straight or branched hydrocarbon radical containing up to twenty four carbon atoms wherein the saturation between any two carbon atoms is a single, double or triple bond. An aliphatic group preferably contains from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms, more typically from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms with from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms being more preferred. The straight or branched chain of an aliphatic group may be interrupted with one or more heteroatoms that include nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and phosphorus. Such aliphatic groups interrupted by heteroatoms include without limitation, polyalkoxys, such as polyalkylene glycols, polyamines, and polyimines. Aliphatic groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups.

As used herein, “alkoxy” means a radical formed between an alkyl group and an oxygen atom wherein the oxygen atom is used to attach the alkoxy group to a parent molecule. Examples of alkoxy groups include without limitation, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, n-pentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy and the like. Alkoxy groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups.

As used herein, “aminoalkyl” means an amino substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl radical. The alkyl portion of the radical forms a covalent bond with a parent molecule. The amino group can be located at any position and the aminoalkyl group can be substituted with a further substituent group at the alkyl and/or amino portions.

As used herein, “aralkyl” and “arylalkyl” mean an aromatic group that is covalently linked to a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl radical. The alkyl radical portion of the resulting aralkyl (or arylalkyl) group forms a covalent bond with a parent molecule. Examples include without limitation, benzyl, phenethyl and the like. Aralkyl groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups attached to the alkyl, the aryl or both groups that form the radical group.

As used herein, “aryl” and “aromatic” mean a mono- or polycyclic carbocyclic ring system radicals having one or more aromatic rings. Examples of aryl groups include without limitation, phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl, idenyl and the like. Preferred aryl ring systems have from about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms in one or more rings. Aryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups.

As used herein, “halo” and “halogen,” mean an atom selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

As used herein, “heteroaryl,” and “heteroaromatic,” mean a radical comprising a mono- or polycyclic aromatic ring, ring system or fused ring system wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic and includes one or more heteroatoms. Heteroaryl is also meant to include fused ring systems including systems where one or more of the fused rings contain no heteroatoms. Heteroaryl groups typically include one ring atom selected from sulfur, nitrogen or oxygen. Examples of heteroaryl groups include without limitation, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isooxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzooxazolyl, quinoxalinyl and the like. Heteroaryl radicals can be attached to a parent molecule directly or through a linking moiety such as an aliphatic group or hetero atom. Heteroaryl groups as used herein may optionally include further substituent groups.

As used herein, “huntingtin transcript” means a transcript transcribed from a huntingtin gene.

B. Oligomeric Compounds

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides oligomeric compounds. In certain embodiments, such oligomeric compounds comprise oligonucleotides optionally comprising one or more conjugate and/or terminal groups. In certain embodiments, an oligomeric compound consists of an oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more chemical modifications. Such chemical modifications include modifications of one or more nucleoside (including modifications to the sugar moiety and/or the nucleobase) and/or modifications to one or more internucleoside linkage.

a. Certain Modified Nucleosides

In certain embodiments, provided herein are oligomeric compounds comprising or consisting of oligonucleotides comprising at least one modified nucleoside. Such modified nucleosides comprise a modified sugar moeity, a modified nucleobase, or both a modified sugar moiety and a modified nucleobase.

i. Certain Modified Sugar Moieties

In certain embodiments, compounds of the invention comprise one or more modified nucleosides comprising a modified sugar moiety. Such compounds comprising one or more sugar-modified nucleosides may have desirable properties, such as enhanced nuclease stability or increased binding affinity with a target nucleic acid relative to an oligonucleotide comprising only nucleosides comprising naturally occurring sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are substituted sugar moieties. In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are sugar surrogates. Such sugar surrogates may comprise one or more substitutions corresponding to those of substituted sugar moieties.

In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are substituted sugar moieties comprising one or more non-bridging sugar substituent, including but not limited to substituents at the 2′ and/or 5′ positions. Examples of sugar substituents suitable for the 2′-position, include, but are not limited to: 2′-F, 2′-OCH₃ (“OMe” or “O-methyl”), and 2′-O(CH₂)₂OCH₃ (“MOE”). In certain embodiments, sugar substituents at the 2′ position is selected from allyl, amino, azido, thio, O-allyl, O—C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, O—C₁-C₁₀ substituted alkyl; OCF₃, O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O(CH₂)₂—O—N(Rm)(Rn), and O—CH₂—C(═O)—N(Rm)(Rn), where each Rm and Rn is, independently, H or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. Examples of sugar substituents at the 5′-position, include, but are not limited to: 5′-methyl (R or S); 5′-vinyl, and 5′-methoxy. In certain embodiments, substituted sugars comprise more than one non-bridging sugar substituent, for example, 2′-F-5′-methyl sugar moieties (see, e.g., PCT International Application WO 2008/101157, for additional 5′, 2′-bis substituted sugar moieties and nucleosides).

Nucleosides comprising 2′-substituted sugar moieties are referred to as 2′-substituted nucleosides. In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside comprises a 2′-substituent group selected from halo, allyl, amino, azido, SH, CN, OCN, CF₃, OCF₃, O, S, or N(R_(m))-alkyl; O, S, or N(R_(m))-alkenyl; O, S or N(R_(m))-alkynyl; O-alkylenyl-O-alkyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl, O-aralkyl, O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O—(CH₂)₂—O—N(R_(m))(R_(n)) or O—CH₂—C(═O)—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), where each R_(m) and R_(n) is, independently, H, an amino protecting group or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl. These 2′-substituent groups can be further substituted with one or more substituent groups independently selected from hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro (NO₂), thiol, thioalkoxy (S-alkyl), halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.

In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside comprises a 2′-substituent group selected from F, NH₂, N₃, OCF₃, O—CH₃, O(CH₂)₃NH₂, CH₂—CH═CH₂, O—CH₂—CH═CH₂, OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O—(CH₂)₂—O—N(R_(m))(R_(n)), O(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂, and N-substituted acetamide (O—CH₂—C(═O)—N(R_(m))(R_(n)) where each R_(m) and R_(n) is, independently, H, an amino protecting group or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a 2′-substituent group selected from F, OCF₃, O—CH₃, OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, O(CH₂)₂SCH₃, O—(CH₂)₂—O—N(CH₃)₂, —O(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂N(CH₃)₂, and O—CH₂—C(═O)—N(H)CH₃.

In certain embodiments, a 2′-substituted nucleoside comprises a sugar moiety comprising a 2′-substituent group selected from F, O—CH₃, and OCH₂CH₂OCH₃.

Certain modified sugar moieties comprise a bridging sugar substituent that forms a second ring resulting in a bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain such embodiments, the bicyclic sugar moiety comprises a bridge between the 4′ and the 2′ furanose ring atoms. Examples of such 4′ to 2′ sugar substituents, include, but are not limited to: —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—, —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—O—, —C(R_(a)R_(b))—N(R)—O— or, —C(R_(a)R_(b))—O—N(R)—; 4′- CH₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₂-2′, 4′-(CH₂)₃-2′,4′-(CH₂)—O-2′ (LNA); 4′-(CH₂)—S-2′; 4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′ (ENA); 4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′ (cEt) and 4′-CH(CH₂OCH₃)—O-2′,and analogs thereof (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,845, issued on Jul. 15, 2008); 4′-C(CH₃)(CH₃)—O-2′ and analogs thereof, (see, e.g., WO2009/006478, published Jan. 8, 2009); 4′-CH₂—N(OCH₃)-2′ and analogs thereof (see, e.g., WO2008/150729, published Dec. 11, 2008); 4′-CH₂—O—N(CH₃)-2′ (see, e.g., US2004/0171570, published Sep. 2, 2004); 4′-CH₂—O—N(R)-2′, and 4′-CH₂—N(R)-0-2′-, wherein each R is, independently, H, a protecting group, or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl; 4′-CH₂—N(R)—O-2′, wherein R is H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, or a protecting group (see, U.S. Pat. No. 7,427,672, issued on Sep. 23, 2008); 4′-CH₂—C(H)(CH₃)-2′ (see, e.g., Chattopadhyaya, et al., J. Org. Chem., 2009, 74, 118-134); and 4′-CH₂—C(═CH₂)-2′ and analogs thereof (see, published PCT International Application WO 2008/154401, published on Dec. 8, 2008).

In certain embodiments, such 4′ to 2′ bridges independently comprise from 1 to 4 linked groups independently selected from —[C(R_(a))(R_(b))]_(n)—, —C(R_(a))═C(R_(b))—, —C(R_(a))═N—, —C(═NR_(a))—, —C(═O)—, —C(═S)—, —O—, —Si(R_(a))₂—, —S(═O)_(x)—, and —N(R_(a))—;

wherein:

x is 0, 1, or 2;

n is 1, 2, 3, or 4;

each R_(a) and R_(b) is, independently, H, a protecting group, hydroxyl, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, heterocycle radical, substituted heterocycle radical, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, substituted C₅-C₇ alicyclic radical, halogen, OJ₁, NJ₁J₂, SJ, N₃, COOJ₁, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, CN, sulfonyl (S(═O)₂-J₁), or sulfoxyl (S(═O)-J₁); and

each J₁ and J₂ is, independently, H, C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ alkyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkenyl, C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, substituted C₂-C₁₂ alkynyl, C₅-C₂₀ aryl, substituted C₅-C₂₀ aryl, acyl (C(═O)—H), substituted acyl, a heterocycle radical, a substituted heterocycle radical, C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, substituted C₁-C₁₂ aminoalkyl, or a protecting group.

Nucleosides comprising bicyclic sugar moieties are referred to as bicyclic nucleosides or BNAs. Bicyclic nucleosides include, but are not limited to, (A) α-L-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA, (B) β-D-Methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) BNA (also referred to as locked nucleic acid or LNA), (C) Ethyleneoxy (4′-(CH₂)₂—O-2′) BNA, (D) Aminooxy (4′-CH₂—O—N(R)-2′) BNA, (E) Oxyamino (4′-CH₂—N(R)—O-2′) BNA, (F) Methyl(methyleneoxy) (4′-CH(CH₃)—O-2′) BNA (also referred to as constrained ethyl or cEt), (G) methylene-thio (4′-CH₂—S-2′) BNA, (H) methylene-amino (4′-CH₂—N(R)-2′) BNA, (I) methyl carbocyclic (4′-CH₂—CH(CH₃)-2′) BNA, (J) propylene carbocyclic (4′-(CH₂)₃-2′) BNA, and (K) Ethylene(methoxy) (4′-(CH(CH₂OMe)-O-2′) BNA (also referred to as constrained MOE or cMOE) as depicted below.

wherein Bx is a nucleobase moiety and R is, independently, H, a protecting group, or C₁-C₁₂ alkyl.

Additional bicyclic sugar moieties are known in the art, for example: Singh et al., Chem. Commun., 1998, 4, 455-456; Koshkin et al., Tetrahedron, 1998, 54, 3607-3630; Wahlestedt et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A, 2000, 97, 5633-5638; Kumar et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 1998, 8, 2219-2222; Singh et al., J Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 10035-10039; Srivastava et al., J Am. Chem. Soc., 129(26) 8362-8379 (Jul. 4, 2007); Elayadi et al., Curr. Opinion Invens. Drugs, 2001, 2, 558-561; Braasch et al., Chem. Biol., 2001, 8, 1-7; Orum et al., Curr. Opinion Mol. Ther., 2001, 3, 239-243; U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,053,207, 6,268,490, 6,770,748, 6,794,499, 7,034,133, 6,525,191, 6,670,461, and 7,399,845; WO 2004/106356, WO 1994/14226, WO 2005/021570, and WO 2007/134181; U.S. Patent Publication Nos. US2004/0171570, US2007/0287831, and US2008/0039618; U.S. patent Ser. Nos. 12/129,154, 60/989,574, 61/026,995, 61/026,998, 61/056,564, 61/086,231, 61/097,787, and 61/099,844; and PCT International Applications Nos. PCT/US2008/064591, PCT/US2008/066154, and PCT/US2008/068922.

In certain embodiments, bicyclic sugar moieties and nucleosides incorporating such bicyclic sugar moieties are further defined by isomeric configuration. For example, a nucleoside comprising a 4′-2′ methylene-oxy bridge, may be in the α-L configuration or in the β-D configuration. Previously, α-L-methyleneoxy (4′-CH₂—O-2′) bicyclic nucleosides have been incorporated into antisense oligonucleotides that showed antisense activity (Frieden et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2003, 21, 6365-6372).

In certain embodiments, substituted sugar moieties comprise one or more non-bridging sugar substituent and one or more bridging sugar substituent (e.g., 5′-substituted and 4′-2′ bridged sugars). (see, PCT International Application WO 2007/134181, published on Nov. 22, 2007, wherein LNA is substituted with, for example, a 5′-methyl or a 5′-vinyl group).

In certain embodiments, modified sugar moieties are sugar surrogates. In certain such embodiments, the oxygen atom of the naturally occuring sugar is substituted, e.g., with a sulfer, carbon or nitrogen atom. In certain such embodiments, such modified sugar moiety also comprises bridging and/or non-bridging substituents as described above. For example, certain sugar surogates comprise a 4′-sulfer atom and a substitution at the 2′-position (see,e.g., published U.S. Patent Application US2005/0130923, published on Jun. 16, 2005) and/or the 5′ position. By way of additional example, carbocyclic bicyclic nucleosides having a 4′-2′ bridge have been described (see, e.g., Freier et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1997, 25(22), 4429-4443 and Albaek et al., J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 7731-7740).

In certain embodiments, sugar surrogates comprise rings having other than 5-atoms. For example, in certain embodiments, a sugar surrogate comprises a six-membered tetrahydropyran. Such tetrahydropyrans may be further modified or substituted. Nucleosides comprising such modified tetrahydropyrans include, but are not limited to, hexitol nucleic acid (HNA), anitol nucleic acid (ANA), manitol nucleic acid (MNA) (see Leumann, C J. Bioorg. &Med. Chem. (2002) 10:841-854), fluoro HNA (F-HNA), and those compounds having Formula VII:

wherein independently for each of said at least one tetrahydropyran nucleoside analog of Formula VII:

Bx is a nucleobase moiety;

T₃ and T₄ are each, independently, an internucleoside linking group linking the tetrahydropyran nucleoside analog to the antisense compound or one of T₃ and T₄ is an internucleoside linking group linking the tetrahydropyran nucleoside analog to the antisense compound and the other of T₃ and T₄ is H, a hydroxyl protecting group, a linked conjugate group, or a 5′ or 3′-terminal group;

q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ are each, independently, H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, substituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, substituted C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, or substituted C₂-C₆ alkynyl; and

each of R₁ and R₂ is independently selected from among: hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, NJ₁J₂, SJ₁, N₃, OC(═X)J₁, OC(═X)NJ₁J₂, NJ₃C(═X)NJ₁J₂, and CN, wherein X is O, S or NJ₁, and each J, J₂, and J₃ is, independently, H or C₁-C₆ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, the modified THP nucleosides of Formula VII are provided wherein q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ are each H. In certain embodiments, at least one of q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ is other than H. In certain embodiments, at least one of q₁, q₂, q₃, q₄, q₅, q₆ and q₇ is methyl. In certain embodiments, THP nucleosides of Formula VII are provided wherein one of R₁ and R₂ is F. In certain embodiments, R₁ is fluoro and R₂ is H, R₁ is methoxy and R₂ is H, and R₁ is methoxyethoxy and R₂ is H.

Many other bicyclo and tricyclo sugar surrogate ring systems are also known in the art that can be used to modify nucleosides for incorporation into antisense compounds (see, e.g., review article: Leumann, J. C, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 2002, 10, 841-854).

Combinations of modifications are also provided without limitation, such as 2′-F-5′-methyl substituted nucleosides (see PCT International Application WO 2008/101157 Published on Aug. 21, 2008 for other disclosed 5′, 2′-bis substituted nucleosides) and replacement of the ribosyl ring oxygen atom with S and further substitution at the 2′-position (see published U.S. Patent Application US2005-0130923, published on Jun. 16, 2005) or alternatively 5′-substitution of a bicyclic nucleic acid (see PCT International Application WO 2007/134181, published on Nov. 22, 2007 wherein a 4′-CH₂—O-2′ bicyclic nucleoside is further substituted at the 5′ position with a 5′-methyl or a 5′-vinyl group). The synthesis and preparation of carbocyclic bicyclic nucleosides along with their oligomerization and biochemical studies have also been described (see, e.g., Srivastava et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129(26), 8362-8379).

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides oligonucleotides comprising modified nucleosides. Those modified nucleotides may include modified sugars, modified nucleobases, and/or modified linkages. The specific modifications are selected such that the resulting oligonucleotides possess desireable characteristics. In certain embodmiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more RNA-like nucleosides. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more DNA-like nucleotides.

ii. Certain Modified Nucleobases

In certain embodiments, nucleosides of the present invention comprise one or more unmodified nucleobases. In certain embodiments, nucleosides of the present invention comprise one or more modifed nucleobases.

In certain embodiments, modified nucleobases are selected from: universal bases, hydrophobic bases, promiscuous bases, size-expanded bases, and fluorinated bases as defined herein. In certain embodiments, modified nucleobases are selected from: 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil; 5-propynylcytosine; 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C≡C—CH₃) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine, 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine, universal bases, hydrophobic bases, promiscuous bases, size-expanded bases, and fluorinated bases as defined herein. Further modified nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines such as phenoxazine cytidine([5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), phenothiazine cytidine (1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzothiazin-2(3H)-one), G-clamps such as a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g. 9-(2-aminoethoxy)-H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), carbazole cytidine (2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-2-one), pyridoindole cytidine (H-pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one). Modified nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, Kroschwitz, J. I., Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1990, 858-859; those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613; and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., Eds., CRC Press, 1993, 273-288.

Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include without limitation, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121; 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,645,985; 5,681,941; 5,750,692; 5,763,588; 5,830,653 and 6,005,096, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

b. Certain Internucleoside Linkages

In certain embodiments, nucleosides may be linked together using any internucleoside linkage to form oligonucleotides. The two main classes of internucleoside linking groups are defined by the presence or absence of a phosphorus atom. Representative phosphorus containing internucleoside linkages include, but are not limited to, phosphodiesters (P═O), phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, phosphoramidate, and phosphorothioates (P═S). Representative non-phosphorus containing internucleoside linking groups include, but are not limited to, methylenemethylimino (—CH₂—N(CH₃)—O—CH₂—), thiodiester (—O—C(O)—S—), thionocarbamate (—O—C(O)(NH)—S—); siloxane (—O—Si(H)₂—O—); and N,N′-dimethylhydrazine (—CH₂—N(CH₃)—N(CH₃)—). Modified linkages, compared to natural phosphodiester linkages, can be used to alter, typically increase, nuclease resistance of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, internucleoside linkages having a chiral atom can be prepared as a racemic mixture, or as separate enantiomers. Representative chiral linkages include, but are not limited to, alkylphosphonates and phosphorothioates. Methods of preparation of phosphorous-containing and non-phosphorous-containing internucleoside linkages are well known to those skilled in the art.

The oligonucleotides described herein contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric configurations that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R) or (S), α or β such as for sugar anomers, or as (D) or (L) such as for amino acids etc. Included in the antisense compounds provided herein are all such possible isomers, as well as their racemic and optically pure forms.

Neutral internucleoside linkages include without limitation, phosphotriesters, methylphosphonates, MMI (3′-CH₂—N(CH₃)—O-5′), amide-3 (3′-CH₂—C(═O)—N(H)-5′), amide-4 (3′-CH₂—N(H)—C(═O)-5′), formacetal (3′-O—CH₂—O-5′), and thioformacetal (3′-S—CH₂—O-5′). Further neutral internucleoside linkages include nonionic linkages comprising siloxane (dialkylsiloxane), carboxylate ester, carboxamide, sulfide, sulfonate ester and amides (See for example: Carbohydrate Modifications in Antisense Research; Y. S. Sanghvi and P. D. Cook, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 580; Chapters 3 and 4, 40-65). Further neutral internucleoside linkages include nonionic linkages comprising mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

i. 3′-Endo Modifications

In one aspect of the present disclosure, oligomeric compounds include nucleosides synthetically modified to induce a 3′-endo sugar conformation. A nucleoside can incorporate synthetic modifications of the heterocyclic base moiety, the sugar moiety or both to induce a desired 3′-endo sugar conformation. These modified nucleosides are used to mimic RNA like nucleosides so that particular properties of an oligomeric compound can be enhanced while maintaining the desirable 3′-endo conformational geometry. There is an apparent preference for an RNA type duplex (A form helix, predominantly 3′-endo) as a requirement of RNA interference which is supported in part by the fact that duplexes composed of 2′-deoxy-2′-F-nucleosides appear efficient in triggering RNAi response in the C. elegans system. Properties that are enhanced by using more stable 3′-endo nucleosides include but aren't limited to modulation of pharmacokinetic properties through modification of protein binding, protein off-rate, absorption and clearance; modulation of nuclease stability as well as chemical stability; modulation of the binding affinity and specificity of the oligomer (affinity and specificity for enzymes as well as for complementary sequences); and increasing efficacy of RNA cleavage. The present invention provides oligomeric compounds having one or more nucleosides modified in such a way as to favor a C3′-endo type conformation.

Nucleoside conformation is influenced by various factors including substitution at the 2′, 3′ or 4′-positions of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Electronegative substituents generally prefer the axial positions, while sterically demanding substituents generally prefer the equatorial positions (Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure, Wolfgang Sanger, 1984, Springer-Verlag.) Modification of the 2′ position to favor the 3′-endo conformation can be achieved while maintaining the 2′-OH as a recognition element, as exemplified in Example 35, below (Gallo et al., Tetrahedron (2001), 57, 5707-5713. Harry-O'kuru et al., J. Org. Chem., (1997), 62(6), 1754-1759 and Tang et al., J. Org. Chem. (1999), 64, 747-754.) Alternatively, preference for the 3′-endo conformation can be achieved by deletion of the 2′-OH as exemplified by 2′deoxy-2′F-nucleosides (Kawasaki et al., J. Med. Chem. (1993), 36, 831-841), which adopts the 3′-endo conformation positioning the electronegative fluorine atom in the axial position. Other modifications of the ribose ring, for example substitution at the 4′-position to give 4′-F modified nucleosides (Guillerm et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters (1995), 5, 1455-1460 and Owen et al., J. Org. Chem. (1976), 41, 3010-3017), or for example modification to yield methanocarba nucleoside analogs (Jacobson et al., J. Med. Chem. Lett. (2000), 43, 2196-2203 and Lee et al., Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2001), 11, 1333-1337) also induce preference for the 3′-endo conformation. Some modifications actually lock the conformational geometry by formation of a bicyclic sugar moiety e.g. locked nucleic acid (LNA, Singh et al, Chem. Commun. (1998), 4, 455-456), and ethylene bridged nucleic acids (ENA, Morita et al, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2002), 12, 73-76.)

c. Certain Motifs

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise or consist of oligonucleotides. In certain embodiments, such oligonucleotides comprise one or more chemical modification. In certain embodiments, chemically modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified sugars. In certain embodiments, chemically modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified nucleobases. In certain embodiments, chemically modified oligonucleotides comprise one or more modified internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the chemical modifications (sugar modifications, nucleobase modifications, and/or linkage modifications) define a pattern or motif. In certain embodiments, the patterns of chemical modifications of sugar moieties, internucleoside linkages, and nucleobases are each independent of one another. Thus, an oligonucleotide may be described by its sugar modification motif, internucleoside linkage motif and/or nucleobase modification motif (as used herein, nucleobase modification motif describes the chemical modifications to the nucleobases independent of the sequence of nucleobases).

i. Certain Sugar Motifs

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more type of modified sugar moieties and/or naturally occurring sugar moieties arranged along an oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or sugar motif. Such sugar motifs include but are not limited to any of the sugar modifications discussed herein.

In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a region having a gapmer sugar motif, which comprises two external regions or “wings” and a central or internal region or “gap.” The three regions of a gapmer sugar motif (the 5′-wing, the gap, and the 3′-wing) form a contiguous sequence of nucleosides wherein at least some of the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of each of the wings differ from at least some of the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of the gap. Specifically, at least the sugar moieties of the nucleosides of each wing that are closest to the gap (the 3′-most nucleoside of the 5′-wing and the 5′-most nucleoside of the 3′-wing) differ from the sugar moiety of the neighboring gap nucleosides, thus defining the boundary between the wings and the gap. In certain embodiments, the sugar moieties within the gap are the same as one another. In certain embodiments, the gap includes one or more nucleoside having a sugar moiety that differs from the sugar moiety of one or more other nucleosides of the gap. In certain embodiments, the sugar motifs of the two wings are the same as one another (symmetric sugar gapmer). In certain embodiments, the sugar motifs of the 5′-wing differs from the sugar motif of the 3′-wing (asymmetric sugar gapmer).

ii. Certain Nucleobase Modification Motifs

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise chemical modifications to nucleobases arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or nucleobases modification motif. In certain embodiments, each nucleobase is modified. In certain embodiments, none of the nucleobases is chemically modified.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise a block of modified nucleobases. In certain such embodiments, the block is at the 3′-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments the block is within 3 nucleotides of the 3′-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain such embodiments, the block is at the 5′-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments the block is within 3 nucleotides of the 5′-end of the oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, nucleobase modifications are a function of the natural base at a particular position of an oligonucleotide. For example, in certain embodiments each purine or each pyrimidine in an oligonucleotide is modified. In certain embodiments, each adenine is modified. In certain embodiments, each guanine is modified. In certain embodiments, each thymine is modified. In certain embodiments, each cytosine is modified. In certain embodiments, each uracil is modified.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more nucleosides comprising a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides having a gapmer sugar motif comprise a nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase. In certain such embodiments, one nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobases is in the central gap of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer sugar motif. In certain embodiments, the sugar is an unmodified 2′deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, the modified nucleobase is selected from: a 2-thio pyrimidine and a 5-propyne pyrimidine. In certain embodiments, one nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobases is the 5^(th) nucleobase from the 5′-end of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, the 5^(th) nucleobase from the 5′-end of the oligonucleotide is 2-thiothymine.

In certain embodiments, some, all, or none of the cytosine moieties in an oligonucleotide are 5-methyl cytosine moieties. Herein, 5-methyl cytosine is not a “modified nucleobase.” Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated, unmodified nucleobases include both cytosine residues having a 5-methyl and those lacking a 5 methyl. In certain embodiments, the methylation state of all or some cytosine nucleobases is specified.

iii. Certain Nucleoside Motifs

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise nucleosides comprising modified sugar moieties and/or nucleosides comprising modified nucleobases. Such motifs can be described by their sugar motif and their nucleobase motif separately or by their nucleoside motif, which provides positions or patterns of modified nucleosides (whether modified sugar, nucleobase, or both sugar and nucleobase) in an oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotides comprise or consist of a region having a gapmer nucleoside motif, which comprises two external regions or “wings” and a central or internal region or “gap.” The three regions of a gapmer nucleoside motif (the 5′-wing, the gap, and the 3′-wing) form a contiguous sequence of nucleosides wherein at least some of the sugar moieties and/or nucleobases of the nucleosides of each of the wings differ from at least some of the sugar moieties and/or nucleobase of the nucleosides of the gap. Specifically, at least the nucleosides of each wing that are closest to the gap (the 3′-most nucleoside of the 5′-wing and the 5′-most nucleoside of the 3′-wing) differ from the neighboring gap nucleosides, thus defining the boundary between the wings and the gap. In certain embodiments, the nucleosides within the gap are the same as one another. In certain embodiments, the gap includes one or more nucleoside that differs from one or more other nucleosides of the gap. In certain embodiments, the nucleoside motifs of the two wings are the same as one another (symmetric gapmer). In certain embodiments, the nucleoside motifs of the 5′-wing differs from the nucleoside motif of the 3′-wing (asymmetric gapmer).

iv. Certain 5′-Wings

In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 9 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 8 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 7 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 6 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 5 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 2 to 5 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 3 to 5 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 4 or 5 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 4 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 3 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 or 2 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 2 to 4 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 2 or 3 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 3 or 4 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 2 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 3 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 4 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 5 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 6 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 7 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 8 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer consists of 9 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least two bicyclic nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least three bicyclic nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least four bicyclic nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 5′-wing of a gapmer is a bicyclic nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 5′-wing of a gapmer is a constrained ethyl nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 5′-wing of a gapmer is a LNA nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one non-bicyclic modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one 2′-substituted nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one 2′-OMe nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 5′-wing of a gapmer is a non-bicyclic modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 5′-wing of a gapmer is a 2′-substituted nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 5′-wing of a gapmer is a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 5′-wing of a gapmer is a 2′-OMe nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 5′-wing of a gapmer is a 2′-deoxynucleoside. In a certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one ribonucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 5′-wing of a gapmer is a ribonucleoside. In certain embodiments, one, more than one, or each of the nucleosides of the 5′-wing is an RNA-like nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside and at least one non-bicyclic modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing ofa gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside and at least one 2′-substituted nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside and at least one 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside and at least one 2′-OMe nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside and at least one non-bicyclic modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside and at least one 2′-substituted nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside and at least one 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside and at least one 2′-OMe nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 5′-wing of a gapmer has a nucleoside motif selected from among the following: eeeedk, eeeee, eeeeedk, eeeeeeeek, eeeeeeek, eeeeek, eeeek, eeeekk, eeek, eeekdx, eeekk, eek, eekk, ek, ekek, ekekdx, ekk, ekkdk, ekkkk, and k, wherein each “e” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside, each “k” is a cEt modified nucleoside, each “dx” is a 2-thiothymidine, and each “d” is an unmodified deoxynucleoside.

In certain embodiments, an oligonucleotide comprises any 5′-wing motif provided herein. In certain such embodiments, the oligonucleotide is a 5′-hemimer (does not comprise a 3′-wing). In certain embodiments, such an oligonucleotide is a gapmer. In certain such embodiments, the 3′-wing of the gapmer may comprise any nucleoside motif.

v. Certain 3′-Wings

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 10 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 9 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 8 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 7 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 6 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 5 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 2 to 5 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 3 to 5 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 4 or 5 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 4 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 to 3 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 or 2 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 2 to 4 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 2 or 3 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 3 or 4 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 1 nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 2 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 3 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 4 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 5 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 6 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 7 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 8 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 9 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer consists of 10 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 3′-wing of a gapmer is a bicyclic nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 3′-wing of a gapmer is a constrained ethyl nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 3′-wing of a gapmer is a LNA nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one non-bicyclic modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least two non-bicyclic modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least three non-bicyclic modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least four non-bicyclic modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one 2′-substituted nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one 2′-OMe nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 3′-wing of a gapmer is a non-bicyclic modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 3′-wing of a gapmer is a 2′-substituted nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 3′-wing of a gapmer is a 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 3′-wing of a gapmer is a 2′-OMe nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 3′-wing of a gapmer is a 2′-deoxynucleoside. In a certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one ribonucleoside. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the 3′-wing of a gapmer is a ribonucleoside. In certain embodiments, one, more than one, or each of the nucleosides of the 5′-wing is an RNA-like nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside and at least one non-bicyclic modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing ofa gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside and at least one 2′-substituted nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside and at least one 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside and at least one 2′-OMe nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside and at least one non-bicyclic modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside and at least one 2′-substituted nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside and at least one 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside and at least one 2′-OMe nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside and at least one non-bicyclic modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside and at least one 2′-substituted nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside and at least one 2′-MOE nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside and at least one 2′-OMe nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside, at least one non-bicyclic modified nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside, at least one non-bicyclic modified nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside, at least one non-bicyclic modified nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside, at least one 2′-substituted nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside, at least one 2′-substituted nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside, at least one 2′-substituted nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside, at least one 2′-MOE nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside, at least one 2′-MOE nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside, at least one 2′-MOE nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one bicyclic nucleoside, at least one 2′-OMe nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one constrained ethyl nucleoside, at least one 2′-OMe nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer comprises at least one LNA nucleoside, at least one 2′-OMe nucleoside, and at least one 2′-deoxynucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the 3′-wing of a gapmer has a nucleoside motif selected from among the following: eee, eeee, eeeee, eeeeee, eeeeeee, eeeeeeee, eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, eeeekek, eeeekeke, eeek, eeeke, eeekek, eeekeke, eeekekee, eeekk, eeke, eekek, eekeke, eekekee, eekk, kee, keee, keeee, keeeke, keeekee, keek, keeke, keekee, keekeee, keekk, keke, kekee, kke, kkeee, kkeek, and kkke, wherein each “e” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside and each “k” is a cEt modified nucleoside.

vi. Certain Central Regions (Gaps)

In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 6 to 20 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 6 to 15 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 6 to 12 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 6 to 10 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 6 to 9 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 6 to 8 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 6 or 7 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 7 to 10 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 7 to 9 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 7 or 8 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 8 to 10 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 8 or 9 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 6 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 7 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 8 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 9 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 10 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 11 linked nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap of a gapmer consists of 12 linked nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the gap of a gapmer is a 2′-deoxynucleoside. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises one or more modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, each nucleoside of the gap of a gapmer is a 2′-deoxynucleoside or is a modified nucleoside that is “DNA-like.” In such embodiments, “DNA-like” means that the nucleoside has similar characteristics to DNA, such that a duplex comprising the gapmer and an RNA molecule is capable of activating RNase H. For example, under certain conditions, 2′-(ara)-F have been shown to support RNase H activation, and thus is DNA-like. In certain embodiments, one or more nucleosides of the gap of a gapmer is not a 2′-deoxynucleoside and is not DNA-like. In certain such embodiments, the gapmer nonetheless supports RNase H activation (e.g., by virtue of the number or placement of the non-DNA nucleosides).

In certain embodiments, gaps comprise a stretch of unmodified 2′-deoxynucleoside interrupted by one or more modified nucleosides, thus resulting in three sub-regions (two stretches of one or more 2′-deoxynucleosides and a stretch of one or more interrupting modified nucleosides). In certain embodiments, no stretch of unmodified 2′-deoxynucleosides is longer than 5, 6, or 7 nucleosides. In certain embodiments, such short stretches is achieved by using short gap regions. In certain embodiments, short stretches are achieved by interrupting a longer gap region.

In certain embodiments, the gap comprises one or more modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises one or more modified nucleosides selected from among cEt, FHNA, LNA, and 2-thio-thymidine. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises one modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises a 5′-substituted sugar moiety selected from among 5′-Me, and 5′-(R)-Me. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises two modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises three modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises four modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises two or more modified nucleosides and each modified nucleoside is the same. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises two or more modified nucleosides and each modified nucleoside is different.

In certain embodiments, the gap comprises one or more modified linkages. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises one or more methyl phosphonate linkages. In certain embodiments the gap comprises two or more modified linkages. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises one or more modified linkages and one or more modified nucleosides. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises one modified linkage and one modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the gap comprises two modified linkages and two or more modified nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, the gap comprises a nucleoside motif selected from among the following: DDDDDDD, DDDDDDDD, DDDDDDDDD, DXDDDDD, DXDDDDDD, and DXDDDDDDD, wherein each D is an unmodified deoxynucleoside and each X is a modified nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, each X comprises an unmodified 2′-deoxyfuranose sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each X comprises a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each X comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each X comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety selected from among F, (ara)-F, OCH₃ and O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃. In certain embodiments, each X comprises a 5′-substituted sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each X comprises a 2-thio-thymidine nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each X comprises a 5′-substituted sugar moiety selected from among 5′-Me, and 5′-(R)-Me. In certain embodiments, each X comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each X comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety selected from among cEt, cMOE, LNA, α-L-LNA, ENA and 2′-thio LNA. In certain embodiments, each X comprises a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, each X comprises a modified nucleobase selected from among 2-thio-thymidine and 5-propyne uridine. In certain embodiments, each X comprises an HNA. In certain embodiments, each C comprises an F-HNA. In certain embodiments, X represents the location of a single differentiating nucleobase.

vii. Certain Gapmer Motifs

In certain embodiments, a gapmer comprises a 5′-wing, a gap, and a 3′ wing, wherein the 5′-wing, gap, and 3′ wing are independently selected from among those discussed above. For example, in certain embodiments, a gapmer has a 5′-wing, a gap, and a 3′-wing having features selected from among any of those listed in the tables above and any 5′-wing may be paired with any gap and any 3′-wing.

In certain embodiments, a gapmer has a sugar motif other than: E-K-K-(D)₉-K-K-E; E-E-E-E-K-(D)₉-E-E-E-E-E; E-K-K-K-(D)₉-K—K-K-E; K-E-E-K-(D)₉-K-E-E-K; K-D-D-K-(D)₉-K-D-D-K; K-E-K-E-K-(D)₉-K-E-K-E-K; K-D-K-D-K-(D)₉-K-D-K-D-K; E-K-E-K-(D)₉-K-E-K-E; E-E-E-E-E-K-(D)₈-E-E-E-E-E; or E-K-E-K-E-(D)₉-E-K-E-K-E, E-E-E-K-K-(D)₇-E-E-K, E-K-E-K—K-K-(D)₇-K-E-K-E, E-K-E-K-E-K-(D)₇-K-E-K-E, wherein K is a nucleoside comprising a cEt sugar moiety and E is a nucleoside comprising a 2′-MOE sugar moiety.

viii. Certain Internucleoside Linkage Motifs

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise modified internucleoside linkages arranged along the oligonucleotide or region thereof in a defined pattern or modified internucleoside linkage motif. In certain embodiments, internucleoside linkages are arranged in a gapped motif, as described above for nucleoside motif. In such embodiments, the internucleoside linkages in each of two wing regions are different from the internucleoside linkages in the gap region. In certain embodiments the internucleoside linkages in the wings are phosphodiester and the internucleoside linkages in the gap are phosphorothioate. The nucleoside motif is independently selected, so such oligonucleotides having a gapped internucleoside linkage motif may or may not have a gapped nucleoside motif and if it does have a gapped nucleoside motif, the wing and gap lengths may or may not be the same.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise a region having an alternating internucleoside linkage motif. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides of the present invention comprise a region of uniformly modified internucleoside linkages. In certain such embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a region that is uniformly linked by phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide is uniformly linked by phosphorothioate. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of the oligonucleotide is selected from phosphodiester and phosphorothioate. In certain embodiments, each internucleoside linkage of the oligonucleotide is selected from phosphodiester and phosphorothioate and at least one internucleoside linkage is phosphorothioate.

In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least 6 phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least 8 phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least 10 phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one block of at least 6 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one block of at least 8 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least one block of at least 10 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises at least block of at least one 12 consecutive phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain such embodiments, at least one such block is located at the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide. In certain such embodiments, at least one such block is located within 3 nucleosides of the 3′ end of the oligonucleotide.

In certain embodiments, the oligonucleotide comprises a mixture of phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages and phosphodiester internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, a modified oligonucleotide has one or more phosphodiester internucleoside linkages in the 5′-wing region or 3′-wing region. In certain embodiments, a modified oligonucleotide has one or more phosphodiester internucleoside linkages in the 5′-wing region and each of the remaining internucleoside linkages comprise phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, a modified oligonucleotide has one or more phosphodiester internucleoside linkages in the 3′-wing region and each of the remaining internucleoside linkages comprise phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages. In certain embodiments, a modified oligonucleotide has one or more phosphodiester internucleoside linkages in the 5′-wing region and the 3′-wing region and each of the remaining internucleoside linkages comprise phosphorothioate internucleoside linkages.

The following non-limiting Table further illustrates certain internucleoside linkage motifs:

TABLE 1 Certain Internucleoside Linkage Motifs 5′-wing region Central gap region 3′-wing region E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(o) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) D_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(o) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(s) K K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) K_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(o) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(s) K E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(s) K K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) K E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E wherein each “E” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside, each “K” is a cEt modified nucleoside, each “D” is an unmodified deoxynucleoside, each “X” comprises a 2-thiothymidine, each “s” is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and each “o” is a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides comprise one or more methylphosponate linkages. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides having a gapmer nucleoside motif comprise a linkage motif comprising all phosphorothioate linkages except for one or two methylphosponate linkages. In certain embodiments, one methylphosponate linkage is in the central gap of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer nucleoside motif.

i. Certain Modification Motifs

Modification motifs define oligonucleotides by nucleoside motif (sugar motif and nucleobase motif) and linkage motif. For example, certain oligonucleotides have the following modification motif:

A_(s)A_(s)A_(s)D_(s)D_(s)D_(s)D_(s)(^(N)D)_(s)D_(s)D_(s)D_(s)D_(s)B_(s)B_(s)B;

wherein each A is a modified nucleoside comprising a 2′-substituted sugar moiety; each D is an unmodified 2′-deoxynucleoside; each B is a modified nucleoside comprising a bicyclic sugar moiety; ^(N)D is a modified nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase; and s is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage. Thus, the sugar motif is a gapmer motif. The nucleobase modification motif is a single modified nucleobase at 8^(th) nucleoside from the 5′-end. Combining the sugar motif and the nucleobase modification motif, the nucleoside motif is an interrupted gapmer where the gap of the sugar modified gapmer is interrupted by a nucleoside comprising a modified nucleobase. The linkage motif is uniform phosphorothioate.

The following non-limiting Table further illustrates certain modification motifs:

TABLE 2 Certain Modification Motifs 5′-wing region Central gap region 3′-wing region A_(s) B_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) B_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) B_(o) A_(o) B_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) D_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(o) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(o) B_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) B_(s) D_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) B_(s) B_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(o) B_(o) B_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) D_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(o) B_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(o) B_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) B_(o) A_(o) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(o) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(o) B_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(s) B B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) A B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(o) A_(s) A_(s) B A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) B A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(o) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(o) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) B A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) B A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(s) B A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(o) A_(s) B B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) B B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) B A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(o) B_(o) A_(s) A_(s) B A_(s) A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) B_(s) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) A A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) B A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(s) A_(o) A_(o) B_(s) A_(s) B A_(s) B_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) A_(s) A_(o) B_(o) A_(s) B_(s) A

In certain embodiments, each A comprises a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each A comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each A comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety selected from among F, (ara)-F, OCH₃ and O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃. In certain embodiments, each A comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each A comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety selected from among cEt, cMOE, LNA, α-L-LNA, ENA and 2′-thio LNA. In certain embodiments, each A comprises a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, each A comprises a modified nucleobase selected from among 2-thio-thymidine nucleoside and 5-propyne uridine nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each B comprises a modified sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each B comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each B comprises a 2′-subsituted sugar moiety selected from among F, (ara)-F, OCH₃ and O(CH₂)₂—OCH₃. In certain embodiments, each B comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, each B comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety selected from among cEt, cMOE, LNA, α-L-LNA, ENA and 2′-thio LNA. In certain embodiments, each B comprises a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, each B comprises a modified nucleobase selected from among 2-thio-thymidine nucleoside and 5-propyne urindine nucleoside. In certain embodiments, each A comprises an HNA. In certain embodiments, each A comprises an F-HNA. In certain embodiments, each “X” comprises a 2-thiothymidine, each “s” comprises a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and each “o” comprises a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.

In certain embodiments, B comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety, and A comprises a 2′-MOE sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, B is an LNA nucleoside and A comprises a 2′-MOE sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, B is a cEt nucleoside and A comprises a 2′-MOE sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, B is an α-L-LNA nucleoside and A comprises a 2′-MOE sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, B is an LNA nucleoside and A comprises a 2′-OMe sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, B is a cEt nucleoside and A comprises a 2′-OMe sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, B is an α-L-LNA nucleoside and A comprises a 2′-OMe sugar moiety.

In certain embodiments, A comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety, and B comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, A is an LNA nucleoside and B comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, A is a cEt nucleoside and B comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, A is an α-L-LNA nucleoside and B comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, A is a cEt nucleoside and B comprises a 2′-MOE sugar moiety.

The following non-limiting Table further illustrates certain modification motifs:

TABLE 3 Certain Modification Motifs 5′-wing region Central gap region 3′-wing region E_(s) K_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) K_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(o) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) X_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) D_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) xD_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) xD_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) xD_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) K_(s) D_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) K_(s) K_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) D_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(o) E_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(s) K K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(s) K E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(s) K K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) K E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(o) K_(o) E_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) K_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) E E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(s) E_(o) E_(o) K_(s) E_(s) K E_(s) K_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) D_(s) E_(s) E_(o) K_(o) E_(s) K_(s) E wherein each “E” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside, each “K” is a cEt modified nucleoside, each “D” is an unmodified deoxynucleoside, each “X” comprises a 2-thiothymidine, each “s” is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and each “o” is a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.

d. Certain Overall Lengths

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides oligomeric compounds including oligonucleotides of any of a variety of ranges of lengths. In certain embodiments, the invention provides oligomeric compounds or oligonucleotides consisting of X to Y linked nucleosides, where X represents the fewest number of nucleosides in the range and Y represents the largest number of nucleosides in the range. In certain such embodiments, X and Y are each independently selected from 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50; provided that X≤Y. For example, in certain embodiments, the invention provides oligomeric compounds which comprise oligonucleotides consisting of 8 to 9, 8 to 10, 8 to 11, 8 to 12, 8 to 13, 8 to 14, 8 to 15, 8 to 16, 8 to 17, 8 to 18, 8 to 19, 8 to 20, 8 to 21, 8 to 22, 8 to 23, 8 to 24, 8 to 25, 8 to 26, 8 to 27, 8 to 28, 8 to 29, 8 to 30, 9 to 10, 9 to 11, 9 to 12, 9 to 13, 9 to 14, 9 to 15, 9 to 16, 9 to 17, 9 to 18, 9 to 19, 9 to 20, 9 to 21, 9 to 22, 9 to 23, 9 to 24, 9 to 25, 9 to 26, 9 to 27, 9 to 28, 9 to 29, 9 to 30, 10 to 11, 10 to 12, 10 to 13, 10 to 14, 10 to 15, 10 to 16, 10 to 17, 10 to 18, 10 to 19, 10 to 20, 10 to 21, 10 to 22, 10 to 23, 10 to 24, 10 to 25, 10 to 26, 10 to 27, 10 to 28, 10 to 29, 10 to 30, 11 to 12, 11 to 13, 11 to 14, 11 to 15, 11 to 16, 11 to 17, 11 to 18, 11 to 19, 11 to 20, 11 to 21, 11 to 22, 11 to 23, 11 to 24, 11 to 25, 11 to 26, 11 to 27, 11 to 28, 11 to 29, 11 to 30, 12 to 13, 12 to 14, 12 to 15, 12 to 16, 12 to 17, 12 to 18, 12 to 19, 12 to 20, 12 to 21, 12 to 22, 12 to 23, 12 to 24, 12 to 25, 12 to 26, 12 to 27, 12 to 28, 12 to 29, 12 to 30, 13 to 14, 13 to 15, 13 to 16, 13 to 17, 13 to 18, 13 to 19, 13 to 20, 13 to 21, 13 to 22, 13 to 23, 13 to 24, 13 to 25, 13 to 26, 13 to 27, 13 to 28, 13 to 29, 13 to 30, 14 to 15, 14 to 16, 14 to 17, 14 to 18, 14 to 19, 14 to 20, 14 to 21, 14 to 22, 14 to 23, 14 to 24, 14 to 25, 14 to 26, 14 to 27, 14 to 28, 14 to 29, 14 to 30, 15 to 16, 15 to 17, 15 to 18, 15 to 19, 15 to 20, 15 to 21, 15 to 22, 15 to 23, 15 to 24, 15 to 25, 15 to 26, 15 to 27, 15 to 28, 15 to 29, 15 to 30, 16 to 17, 16 to 18, 16 to 19, 16 to 20, 16 to 21, 16 to 22, 16 to 23, 16 to 24, 16 to 25, 16 to 26, 16 to 27, 16 to 28, 16 to 29, 16 to 30, 17 to 18, 17 to 19, 17 to 20, 17 to 21, 17 to 22, 17 to 23, 17 to 24, 17 to 25, 17 to 26, 17 to 27, 17 to 28, 17 to 29, 17 to 30, 18 to 19, 18 to 20, 18 to 21, 18 to 22, 18 to 23, 18 to 24, 18 to 25, 18 to 26, 18 to 27, 18 to 28, 18 to 29, 18 to 30, 19 to 20, 19 to 21, 19 to 22, 19 to 23, 19 to 24, 19 to 25, 19 to 26, 19 to 29, 19 to 28, 19 to 29, 19 to 30, 20 to 21, 20 to 22, 20 to 23, 20 to 24, 20 to 25, 20 to 26, 20 to 27, 20 to 28, 20 to 29, 20 to 30, 21 to 22, 21 to 23, 21 to 24, 21 to 25, 21 to 26, 21 to 27, 21 to 28, 21 to 29, 21 to 30, 22 to 23, 22 to 24, 22 to 25, 22 to 26, 22 to 27, 22 to 28, 22 to 29, 22 to 30, 23 to 24, 23 to 25, 23 to 26, 23 to 27, 23 to 28, 23 to 29, 23 to 30, 24 to 25, 24 to 26, 24 to 27, 24 to 28, 24 to 29, 24 to 30, 25 to 26, 25 to 27, 25 to 28, 25 to 29, 25 to 30, 26 to 27, 26 to 28, 26 to 29, 26 to 30, 27 to 28, 27 to 29, 27 to 30, 28 to 29, 28 to 30, or 29 to 30 linked nucleosides. In embodiments where the number of nucleosides of an oligomeric compound or oligonucleotide is limited, whether to a range or to a specific number, the oligomeric compound or oligonucleotide may, nonetheless further comprise additional other substituents. For example, an oligonucleotide comprising 8-30 nucleosides excludes oligonucleotides having 31 nucleosides, but, unless otherwise indicated, such an oligonucleotide may further comprise, for example one or more conjugates, terminal groups, or other substituents. In certain embodiments, a gapmer oligonucleotide has any of the above lengths.

Further, where an oligonucleotide is described by an overall length range and by regions having specified lengths, and where the sum of specified lengths of the regions is less than the upper limit of the overall length range, the oligonucleotide may have additional nucleosides, beyond those of the specified regions, provided that the total number of nucleosides does not exceed the upper limit of the overall length range.

e. Certain Oligonucleotides

In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides of the present invention are characterized by their modification motif and overall length. In certain embodiments, such parameters are each independent of one another. Thus, unless otherwise indicated, each internucleoside linkage of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer sugar motif may be modified or unmodified and may or may not follow the gapmer modification pattern of the sugar modifications. For example, the internucleoside linkages within the wing regions of a sugar-gapmer may be the same or different from one another and may be the same or different from the internucleoside linkages of the gap region. Likewise, such sugar-gapmer oligonucleotides may comprise one or more modified nucleobase independent of the gapmer pattern of the sugar modifications. One of skill in the art will appreciate that such motifs may be combined to create a variety of oligonucleotides. Herein if a description of an oligonucleotide or oligomeric compound is silent with respect to one or more parameter, such parameter is not limited. Thus, an oligomeric compound described only as having a gapmer sugar motif without further description may have any length, internucleoside linkage motif, and nucleobase modification motif. Unless otherwise indicated, all chemical modifications are independent of nucleobase sequence.

f. Certain Conjugate Groups

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are modified by attachment of one or more conjugate groups. In general, conjugate groups modify one or more properties of the attached oligomeric compound including but not limited to pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, stability, binding, absorption, cellular distribution, cellular uptake, charge and clearance. Conjugate groups are routinely used in the chemical arts and are linked directly or via an optional conjugate linking moiety or conjugate linking group to a parent compound such as an oligomeric compound, such as an oligonucleotide. Conjugate groups includes without limitation, intercalators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, thioethers, polyethers, cholesterols, thiocholesterols, cholic acid moieties, folate, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, adamantane, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins and dyes. Certain conjugate groups have been described previously, for example: cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., do-decan-diol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethyl-ammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937).

In certain embodiments, a conjugate group comprises an active drug substance, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fen-bufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indo-methicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic.

In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are directly attached to oligonucleotides in oligomeric compounds. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are attached to oligonucleotides by a conjugate linking group. In certain such embodiments, conjugate linking groups, including, but not limited to, bifunctional linking moieties such as those known in the art are amenable to the compounds provided herein. Conjugate linking groups are useful for attachment of conjugate groups, such as chemical stabilizing groups, functional groups, reporter groups and other groups to selective sites in a parent compound such as for example an oligomeric compound. In general a bifunctional linking moiety comprises a hydrocarbyl moiety having two functional groups. One of the functional groups is selected to bind to a parent molecule or compound of interest and the other is selected to bind essentially any selected group such as chemical functional group or a conjugate group. In some embodiments, the conjugate linker comprises a chain structure or an oligomer of repeating units such as ethylene glycol or amino acid units. Examples of functional groups that are routinely used in a bifunctional linking moiety include, but are not limited to, electrophiles for reacting with nucleophilic groups and nucleophiles for reacting with electrophilic groups. In some embodiments, bifunctional linking moieties include amino, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, thiol, unsaturations (e.g., double or triple bonds), and the like.

Some nonlimiting examples of conjugate linking moieties include pyrrolidine, 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (ADO), succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (SMCC) and 6-aminohexanoic acid (AHEX or AHA). Other linking groups include, but are not limited to, substituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl or substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, wherein a nonlimiting list of preferred substituent groups includes hydroxyl, amino, alkoxy, carboxy, benzyl, phenyl, nitro, thiol, thioalkoxy, halogen, alkyl, aryl, alkenyl and alkynyl.

Conjugate groups may be attached to either or both ends of an oligonucleotide (terminal conjugate groups) and/or at any internal position.

In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are at the 3′-end of an oligonucleotide of an oligomeric compound. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are near the 3′-end. In certain embodiments, conjugates are attached at the 3′end of an oligomeric compound, but before one or more terminal group nucleosides. In certain embodiments, conjugate groups are placed within a terminal group. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides oligomeric compounds. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds comprise an oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, an oligomeric compound comprises an oligonucleotide and one or more conjugate and/or terminal groups. Such conjugate and/or terminal groups may be added to oligonucleotides having any of the motifs discussed above. Thus, for example, an oligomeric compound comprising an oligonucleotide having region of alternating nucleosides may comprise a terminal group.

C. Antisense Compounds

In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds provided herein are antisense compounds. Such antisense compounds are capable of hybridizing to a target nucleic acid, resulting in at least one antisense activity. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds specifically hybridize to one or more target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, a specifically hybridizing antisense compound has a nucleobase sequence comprising a region having sufficient complementarity to a target nucleic acid to allow hybridization and result in antisense activity and insufficient complementarity to any non-target so as to avoid non-specific hybridization to any non-target nucleic acid sequences under conditions in which specific hybridization is desired (e.g., under physiological conditions for in vivo or therapeutic uses, and under conditions in which assays are performed in the case of in vitro assays).

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides antisense compounds comprising oligonucleotides that are fully complementary to the target nucleic acid over the entire length of the oligonucleotide. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are 99% complementary to the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, oligonucleotides are 95% complementary to the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, such oligonucleotides are 90% complementary to the target nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, such oligonucleotides are 85% complementary to the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, such oligonucleotides are 80% complementary to the target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, an antisense compound comprises a region that is fully complementary to a target nucleic acid and is at least 80% complementary to the target nucleic acid over the entire length of the oligonucleotide. In certain such embodiments, the region of full complementarity is from 6 to 14 nucleobases in length.

a. Certain Antisense Activities and Mechanisms

In certain antisense activities, hybridization of an antisense compound results in recruitment of a protein that cleaves of the target nucleic acid. For example, certain antisense compounds result in RNase H mediated cleavage of target nucleic acid. RNase H is a cellular endonuclease that cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. The “DNA” in such an RNA:DNA duplex, need not be unmodified DNA. In certain embodiments, the invention provides antisense compounds that are sufficiently “DNA-like” to elicit RNase H activity. Such DNA-like antisense compounds include, but are not limited to gapmers having unmodified deoxyfuronose sugar moieties in the nucleosides of the gap and modified sugar moieties in the nucleosides of the wings.

Antisense activities may be observed directly or indirectly. In certain embodiments, observation or detection of an antisense activity involves observation or detection of a change in an amount of a target nucleic acid or protein encoded by such target nucleic acid; a change in the ratio of splice variants of a nucleic acid or protein; and/or a phenotypic change in a cell or animal.

In certain embodiments, compounds comprising oligonucleotides having a gapmer nucleoside motif described herein have desirable properties compared to non-gapmer oligonucleotides or to gapmers having other motifs. In certain circumstances, it is desirable to identify motifs resulting in a favorable combination of potent antisense activity and relatively low toxicity. In certain embodiments, compounds of the present invention have a favorable therapeutic index (measure of activity divided by measure of toxicity).

b. Certain Selective Antisense Compounds

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds provided are selective for a target relative to a non-target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, antisense compounds provided are selective for a target relative to one or more non-target nucleic acids. In certain embodiments, the nucleobase sequences of the target and non-target nucleic acids differ by no more than 4 differentiating nucleobases in the targeted region. In certain embodiments, the nucleobase sequences of the target and non-target nucleic acids differ by no more than 3 differentiating nucleobases in the targeted region. In certain embodiments, the nucleobase sequences of the target and non-target nucleic acids differ by no more than 2 differentiating nucleobases in the targeted region. In certain embodiments, the nucleobase sequences of the target and non-target nucleic acids differ by a single differentiating nucleobase in the targeted region. In certain embodiments, the nucleobase sequences of the target and non-target nucleic acids are identical in the targeted region.

In certain embodiments, the target and non-target nucleic acids are transcripts from different genes. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a transcript from the huntingtin gene and the non-target nucleic acid is a transcript from a different gene. In certain embodiments, the non-target nucleic acid is a transcript from a gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA and the target nucleic acid is a transcript from a different gene. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a transcript from the huntingtin gene and the non-target nucleic acid is a transcript from a gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA. In certain embodiments, the target and non-target nucleic acids are different alleles for the same gene. In certain embodiments, the introduction of a mismatch between an antisense compound and a non-target nucleic acid may alter the RNase H cleavage site of a target nucleic acid compared to a non-target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the target and non-target nucleic acids are not functionally related to one another (e.g., are transcripts from different genes). In certain embodiments, the target and non-target nucleic acids are allelic variants of one another. In certain embodiments, the allelic variant contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In certain embodiments, a SNP is associated with a mutant allele. In certain embodiments, a mutant SNP is associated with a disease. In certain embodiments a mutant SNP is associated with a disease, but is not causative of the disease. In certain embodiments, mRNA and protein expression of a mutant allele is associated with disease.

Selectivity of antisense compounds is achieved, principally, by nucleobase complementarity. For example, if an antisense compound has no mismatches for a target nucleic acid and one or more mismatches for a non-target nucleic acid, some amount of selectivity for the target nucleic acid will result. In certain embodiments, provided herein are antisense compounds with enhanced selectivity (e.g. the ratio of activity for the target to the activity for non-target is greater). For example, in certain embodiments, a selective nucleoside comprises a particular feature or combination of features (e.g., chemical modification, motif, placement of selective nucleoside, and/or self-complementary region) that increases selectivity of an antisense compound compared to an antisense compound not having that feature or combination of features. In certain embodiments, such feature or combination of features increases antisense activity for the target. In certain embodiments, such feature or combination of features decreases activity for the target, but decreases activity for the non-target by a greater amount, thus resulting in an increase in selectivity.

Without being limited by mechanism, enhanced selectivity may result from a larger difference in the affinity of an antisense compound for its target compared to its affinity for the non-target and/or a larger difference in RNase H activity for the resulting duplexes. For example, in certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound comprises a modified nucleoside at that same position as a differentiating nucleobase (i.e., the selective nucleoside is modified). That modification may increase the difference in binding affinity of the antisense compound for the target relative to the non-target. In addition or in the alternative, the chemical modification may increase the difference in RNAse H activity for the duplex formed by the antisense compound and its target compared to the RNase activity for the duplex formed by the antisense compound and the non-target. For example, the modification may exaggerate a structure that is less compatible for RNase H to bind, cleave and/or release the non-target.

In certain embodiments, an antisense compound binds its intended target to form a target duplex. In certain embodiments, RNase H cleaves the target nucleic acid of the target duplex. In certain such embodiments, there is a primary cleavage site between two particular nucleosides of the target nucleic acid (the primary target cleavage site), which accounts for the largest amount of cleavage of the target nucleic acid. In certain nembodiments, there are one or more secondary target cleavage sites. In certain embodiments, the same antisence compound hybridizes to a non-target to form a non-target duplex. In certain such embodiments, the non-target differs from the target by a single nucleobase within the target region, and so the antisense compound hybridizes with a single mismatch. Because of the mismatch, in certain embodiments, RNase H cleavage of the non-target may be reduced compared to cleavage of the target, but still occurs. In certain embodiments, though, the primary site of that cleavage of the non-target nucleic acid (primary non-target cleavage site) is different from that of the target. That is, the primary site is shifted due to the mismatch. In such a circumstance, one may use a modification placed in the antisense compound to disrupt RNase H cleavage at the primary non-target cleavage site. Such modification will result in reduced cleavage of the non-target, but will result little or no decrease in cleavage of the target. In certain embodiments, the modification is a modified sugar, nucleobase and/or linkage.

In certain embodiments, the primary non-target cleavage site is towards the 5′-end of the antisense compound, and the 5′-end of an antisense compound may be modified to prevent RNaseH cleavage. In this manner, it is thought that one having skill in the art may modify the 5′-end of an antisense compound, or modify the nucleosides in the gap region of the 5′-end of the antisense compound, or modify the the 3′-most 5′-region nucleosides of the antisense compound to selectively inhibit RNaseH cleavage of the non-target nucleic acid duplex while retaining RNase H cleavage of the target nucleic acid duplex. In certain embodiments, 1-3 of the 3′-most 5′-region nucleosides of the antisense compound comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety.

For example, in certain embodiments the target nucleic acid may have an allelic variant, e.g. a non-target nucleic acid, containing a single nucleotide polymorphism. An antisense compound may be designed having a single nucleobase mismatch from the non-target nucleic acid, but which has full complementarity to the target nucleic acid. The mismatch between the antisense compound and the non-target nucleic acid may destabilize the antisense compound non-target nucleic acid duplex, and consequently the cleavage site of RNaseH may shift upstream towards the 5′-end of the antisense compound. Modification of the 5′-end of the antisense compound or the gap region near the 5′-end of the antisense compound, or one or more of the 3′-most nucleosides of the 5′-wing region, will then prevent RNaseH cleavage of the non-target nucleic acid. Since the target nucleic acid is fully complementary to the antisense compound, the antisense compound and the target nucleic acid will form a more stabilized antisense compound-target nucleic acid duplex and the cleavage site of RnaseH will be more downstream, towards the 3′ end of the antisense compound. Accordingly, modifications at the 5′-end of the antisense compound will prevent RNaseH cleavage of the non-target nucleic acid, but will not substantially effect RNaseH cleavage of the target nucleic acid, and selectivity between a target nucleic acid and its allelic variant may be achieved. In certain embodiments, one or more of the 3′-most nucleosides of the 5′-wing region comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, one or more of the 3′-most nucleosides of the 5′-wing region comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety selected from cEt and LNA. In certain embodiments, one or more of the 3′-most nucleosides of the 5′-wing region comprises cEt. In certain embodiments, one or more of the 3′-most nucleosides of the 5′-wing region comprises LNA.

In certain embodiments, the introduction of a mismatch between an antisense compound and a target nucleic acid may alter the RNase H cleavage site of a target nucleic acid compared to a non-target nucleic acid by shifting the RNaseH cleavage site downstream from the mismatch site and towards the 3′-end of the antisense compound. In certain embodiments where the cleavage site of a target nucleic acid compared to a non-target nucleic acid has shifted downstream towards the 3′-end of the antisense compound, the 3′-end of an antisense compound may be modified to prevent RNaseH cleavage. In this manner, it is thought that one having skill in the art may modify the 3′-end of an antisense compound, or modify the nucleosides in the gap region near the 3′-end of antisense compound, to selectively inhibit RNaseH cleavage of the non-target nucleic acid while retaining RNase H cleavage of the target nucleic acid.

For example, in certain embodiments the target nucleic acid may have an allelic variant, e.g. a non-target nucleic acid, containing a single nucleotide polymorphism. An antisense compound may be designed having a single nucleobase mismatch from the non-target nucleic acid, but which has full complementarity to target nucleic acid. The mismatch between the antisense compound and the non-target nucleic acid may destabilize the antisense compound-non-target nucleic acid duplex, and consequently the cleavage site of RNaseH may shift downstream towards the 3′-end of the antisense compound. Modification of the 3′-end of the antisense compound, or one or more of the the 5′-most nucleosides of the 3′-wing region, or the gap region of the antisense compound near the 3′-end will then prevent RNaseH cleavage of the non-target nucleic acid. Since the target nucleic acid is fully complementary to the antisense compound, the antisense compound and the target nucleic acid will form a more stabilized antisense compound-target nucleic acid duplex and the cleavage site of RnaseH will be more upstream, towards the 5′ end of the antisense compound. Accordingly, modifications at the 3′-end of the antisense compound will prevent RNaseH cleavage of the non-target nucleic acid, but will not substantially effect RNaseH cleavage of the target nucleic acid, and selectivity between a target nucleic acid and its allelic variant may be achieved. In certain embodiments, one or more of the 5′-most nucleosides of the 3′-wing region comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, one or more of the 5′-most nucleosides of the 3′-wing region comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety selected from cEt and LNA. In certain embodiments, one or more of the 5′-most nucleosides of the 3′-wing region comprises cEt. In certain embodiments, one or more of the 5′-most nucleosides of the 3′-wing region comprises LNA.

In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of one or more bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of two or more bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of one bicyclic nucleoside at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of two bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of three bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of four bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of five bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments discussed above, the bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside are selected from among cEt, cMOE, LNA, α-LNA, ENA and 2′-thio LNA. In certain embodiments discussed above, the bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside comprise cEt. In certain embodiments discussed above, the bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside comprise LNA.

In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of one or more bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside and the addition of one or more bicylic nucleosides at the 5′-most 3′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of two or more bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside and the addition of one or more bicylic nucleosides at the 5′-most 3′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of one bicyclic nucleoside at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside and the addition of one or more bicylic nucleosides at the 5′-most 3′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of two bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside and the addition of one or more bicylic nucleosides at the 5′-most 3′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of three bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside and the addition of one or more bicylic nucleosides at the 5′-most 3′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of four bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside and the addition of one or more bicylic nucleosides at the 5′-most 3′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or longer, may be improved by the addition of four bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside and the addition of one or more bicylic nucleosides at the 5′-most 3′-wing nucleoside.

In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or shorter, may be improved by the addition of one or more bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or shorter, may be improved by the addition of two or more bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or shorter, may be improved by the addition of one bicyclic nucleoside at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or shorter, may be improved by the addition of two bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or shorter, may be improved by the addition of three bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or shorter, may be improved by the addition of four bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments, the selectivity of antisense compounds having certain gaps, e.g. gaps of 7 nucleosides or shorter, may be improved by the addition of five bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside. In certain embodiments discussed above, the bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside are selected from among cEt, cMOE, LNA, α-LNA, ENA and 2′-thio LNA. In certain embodiments discussed above, the bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside comprise cEt. In certain embodiments discussed above, the bicyclic nucleosides at the 3′-most 5′-wing nucleoside comprise LNA.

In certain embodiments, for example, in certain embodiments described above, the target nucleic acid may have an allelic variant, e.g. a non-target nucleic acid, containing a single nucleotide polymorphism. An antisense compound may be designed having a single nucleobase mismatch from the non-target nucleic acid, but which has full complementarity to the target nucleic acid, and which also has one or more mismatches towards any other non-target nucleic acid. In this manner one having skill in the art may design a selective antisense compound that has full complementarity to the target nucleic acid, a single mismatch to its allelic variant, and one or more mismatches towards any other non-target nucleic acid.

In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound having a single nucleobase mismatch relative to its allelic variant (e.g. a non-target nucleic having a single nucleobase mismatch from the target nucleic acid) may, based on its nucleobase sequence, have full complementarity to one or more other non-target nucleic acids. In such certain embodiments, the sequence of the selective antisense compound may be moved upstream or downstream, so long as the selective antisense compound has a single nucleobase mismatch relative to its allelic variant. For example, in certain embodiments, the 6^(th) nucleobase from the 5′-end of the selective antisense compound represents the single nucleobase mismatch relative to its allelic variant. A new selective antisense compound may then be designed wherein the sequence of the selective antisense compound is shifted closer to the 5′-end, and wherein the 3^(rd) nucleobase from the 5′-end of the newly designed selective antisense compound represents the single nucleobase mismatch relative to its allelic variant. In this manner, the newly designed selective antisense compound will continue to have a single nucleobase mismatch relative to its allelic variant, but now the newly designed selective antisense compound may have 1 or more mismatches with other non-target nucleic acids. Since the target nucleic acid differs from its allelic variant by only a single nucleobase mismatch, full complementarity between the selective antisense compound and the target nucleic acid may be maintained, while at the same time reducing complementarity between the selective antisense compound and other non-target nucleic acids. In certain embodiments, such modifications will have no impact or only a small impact on the selectivity of the selective antisense compound relative to its allelic variant, but will reduce the selectivity of the selective antisense compound relative to other non-target nucleic acids.

Any of the modifications discussed herein may be used to design a selective antisense compound that reduces the amount or activity of a target nucleic acid, while having little to no selectivity towards the allelic variant of the target nucleic acid or any other non-target nucleic acids. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a transcript from the huntingtin gene and the non-target nucleic acid is a transcript from a gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a transcript from a mutant huntingtin gene and the non-target nucleic acid is a transcript from a normal huntingtin gene. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a transcript from a mutant huntingtin gene and one non-target nucleic acid is a transcript from a normal huntingtin gene and another non-target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA.

In certain embodiments, it is desirable to have a selective antisense compound that selectively reduces the amount or activity of a target nucleic acid and which does not significantly reduce the amount or activity of any other non-target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, it is desirable to have a selective antisense compound that selectively reduces the amount or activity of a target nucleic acid associated with Hungtinton's Disease and which does not significantly reduce the amount or activity of any other non-target nucleic acid, for example BMPR1A.

In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound that selectively reduces the amount or activity of mutant huntingtin allele associated with a SNP may closely align with the nucleobase sequence of another non-target nucleic acid. For example, in certain embodiments, an antisense compound may be complementary to a target nucleic acid that corresponds to a mutant huntingtin allele associated with a SNP, and this mutant huntingtin allele associated with a SNP may have a high degree of homology with another non-target nucleic acid. For example, in certain embodiments, an antisense compound may be complementary to a target nucleic acid that corresponds to a mutant huntingtin allele associated with a SNP, and also complementary to a non-target nucleic acid encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA. For example, in certain embodiments, an antisense compound may be complementary to a target nucleic acid that corresponds to a mutant huntingtin allele associated with a SNP, for example rs7685686, and also complementary to a non-target nucleic acid encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA. In certain such embodiments, it is desirable to design an antisemse compound that selectively reduces the target nucleic acid associated with SNP rs7685686 and the mutant allele associated with Huntington's disease, but at the same time minimizes reduction between non-target nucleic acids that have high degree of sequence homology with the target nucleic acid nucleobase sequence surrounding SNP rs7685686.

In certain embodiments, the nucleobase sequence surrounding SNP rs7685686 has a high degree of homology between portions of the non-target nucleic acid that encodes bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides compounds having specific modification motifs and nucleobase sequences targeted to SNP rs7685686 that selectively reduce the amount or activity of a mutant huntintin allele of a huntingtin transcript but do not significantly reduce the amount or activity of a wild-type huntingtin allele and do not significantly reduce the amount or activity of a nucleic acid that encodes bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA.

Antisense compounds having certain specified motifs have enhanced selectivity, including, but not limited to motifs described above. In certain embodiments, enhanced selectivity is achieved by oligonucleotides comprising any one or more of:

a modification motif comprising a long 5′-wing (longer than 5, 6, or 7 nucleosides);

a modification motif comprising a long 3′-wing (longer than 5, 6, or 7 nucleosides);

a modification motif comprising a short gap region (shorter than 8, 7, or 6 nucleosides); and

a modification motif comprising an interrupted gap region (having no uninterrupted stretch of unmodified 2′-deoxynucleosides longer than 7, 6 or 5).

In certain embodiments, it is desirable to have a selective antisense compound that selectively reduces the amount or activity of a target nucleic acid associated with Hungtinton's Disease and which does not significantly reduce the amount or activity of any other non-target nucleic acid, for example BMPR1A.

In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 606561. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 606562. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 611714. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 611715. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 611717. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 611718. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 611719. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 611720. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 611721. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 611722. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 611723. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 613581. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 613582. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 613583. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 613584. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 613585. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 613586. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 613588.

In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 613589. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617104. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617105. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617106. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617107. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617108. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617109. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617110. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617111. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617115. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617116. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617117. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617118. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617119. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 617425. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623181. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623182. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623198. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623199.

In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623202. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623203. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623205. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623206. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623208. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623212. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623214. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623218. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623220. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623221. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623224. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623227. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623230.

In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623232. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623233. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623235. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623236. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623237. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623238. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623239. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623241. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623242. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623243. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623254. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623262. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623490. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623493. In certain embodiments, a compound consists of ISIS 623494.

i. Certain Selective Nucleobase Sequence Elements

In certain embodiments, selective antisense compounds comprise nucleobase sequence elements.

Such nucleobase sequence elements are independent of modification motifs. Accordingly, oligonucleotides having any of the motifs (modification motifs, nucleoside motifs, sugar motifs, nucleobase modification motifs, and/or linkage motifs) may also comprise one or more of the following nucleobase sequence elements.

ii. Alignment of Differentiating Nucleobase/Target-Selective Nucleoside

In certain embodiments, a target region and a region of a non-target nucleic acid differ by 1-4 differentiating nucleobase. In such embodiments, selective antisense compounds have a nucleobase sequence that aligns with the non-target nucleic acid with 1-4 mismatches. A nucleoside of the antisense compound that corresponds to a differentiating nucleobase of the target nucleic acid is referred to herein as a target-selective nucleoside. In certain embodiments, selective antisense compounds having a gapmer motif align with a non-target nucleic acid, such that a target-selective nucleoside is positioned in the gap. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 1^(st) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′ end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 2^(nd) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′ end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 3^(rd) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′-end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 4^(th) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′-end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 5^(th) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′-end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 6^(rd) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′-end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 8^(th) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 7^(th) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 6^(th) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 5^(th) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 4^(th) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 3^(rd) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 2^(nd) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end.

In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a modified nucleoside. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a modified sugar. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a sugar surrogate. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a sugar surrogate selected from among HNA and F-HNA. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a 2′-substituted sugar moiety selected from among MOE, F and (ara)-F. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a 5′-substituted sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a 5′-substituted sugar moiety selected from 5′-(R)-Me DNA. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a bicyclic sugar moiety selected from among cEt, and α-L-LNA. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a modified nucleobase. In certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside comprises a modified nucleobase selected from among 2-thio-thymidine and 5-propyne uridine.

i. Alignment of Differentiating Nucleobase/Selectivity Against One or More Non-Target Nucleic Acid Transcripts

In certain embodiments, a target region and a region of one or more non-target nucleic acids differ by 0-4 differentiating nucleobases. In such embodiments, selective antisense compounds have a nucleobase sequence that aligns with one or more non-target nucleic acids with 0-4 mismatches. In certain such embodiments, selective antisense compounds have a nucleobase sequence that aligns with a first non-target nucleic acid with 1-4 mismatches and a second non-target nucleic acid with 0-4 mismatches. In certain embodiments, selective antisense compounds have a nucleobase sequence that aligns with a first non-target nucleic acid with 1 mismatch and a second non-target nucleic acid with 0 mismatches. In certain embodiments, selective antisense compounds have a nucleobase sequence that aligns with a first non-target nucleic acid with 1 mismatch and a second non-target nucleic acid with 1 mismatch.

In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be selective against one non-target nucleic acid transcript, but not be selective against another non-target nucleic acid transcript. For example, in certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be selective for a target relative to a first non-target nucleic acid, but may also be selective towards a second non-target nucleic acid relative to the first non-target nucleic acid, wherein the first and second non-target nucleic acids differ by 0-4 differentiating nucleobases. For example, in certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be selective for a target relative to a first non-target nucleic acid based on a mismatch of a single differentiating nucleobase, but also be selective for a second non-target nucleic acid relative to the first non-target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, it is preferred to have a selective antisense compound be selective for a target relative to a first non-target nucleic acid and also be selective for a target relative to a second non-target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, it is preferred to have a selective antisense compound be selective for a mutant huntingtin allele associated with Huntington's disease, and not be selective relative to any other non-target nucleic acids.

In certain embodiments where a selective antisense compound is selective for a target relative to a first non-target nucleic acid based on a single differentiating nucleobase, but wherein the selective antisense compound is also selective relative to a second non-target nucleic acid, it is possible to alter the position of the target-selective nucleoside within the gap region of the selective antisense compound to maintain selectivity relative to the first non-target nucleic acid and to increase selectivity relative to the second non-target nucleic acid. For example, in certain embodiments, a target-selective nucleoside is the 3^(rd) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′-end of the selective antisense compound, wherein the 5′-wing of the selective antisense compound consists of 4 nucleosides.

In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be redesigned wherein the overall length of the selective antisense compound remains the same, but wherein the length of the 5′-wing is shortened to 1-4 nucleosides and/or the position of the target-selective nucleoside is moved closer to the 5′-end of the gap, for example the 1^(st) or or 2^(nd) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′-end. In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be redesigned wherein the overall length of the selective antisense compound remains the same, but wherein the length of the 5′-wing is increased to 1-9 nucleosides and/or the position of the target-selective nucleoside is moved closer to the 5′-end of the gap, for example the 1^(st) or or 2^(nd) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′-end. In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be redesigned wherein the overall length of the selective antisense compound remains the same, but wherein the length of the 5′-wing is increased to 1-9 nucleosides and/or the position of the target-selective nucleoside is moved closer to the 3′-end of the gap, for example the 1^(St) or 2^(nd) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end. In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be redesigned wherein the overall length of the selective antisense compound remains the same, but wherein the length of the 5′-wing is shortened to 1-4 nucleosides and/or the position of the target-selective nucleoside is moved closer to the 3′-end of the gap, for example the 1^(st) or or 2^(nd) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end. In this manner, the selectivity of the selective antisense compound relative to the first non-target nucleic acid may be retained, while also achieving selectivity of the selective antisense compound relative to the second non-target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, redesign of the selective antisense compound will retain a single-differentiating nucleobase relative to the first non-target nucleic acid and increase the number of differentiating nucleobases between the selective antisense compound and the second non-target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the first non-target nucleic acid is wild-type huntingtin and the second non-target nucleic acid is bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA.

In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be redesigned wherein the overall length of the selective antisense compound remains the same, but wherein the length of the 3′-wing is increased to 1-10 nucleosides and/or the position of the target-selective nucleoside is moved closer to the 5′-end of the gap, for example the 1^(st) or 2^(nd) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′-end. In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be redesigned wherein the overall length of the selective antisense compound remains the same, but wherein the length of the 3′-wing is increased to 1-10 nucleosides and/or the position of the target-selective nucleoside is moved closer to the 3′-end of the gap, for example the 1^(th) or 2^(nd) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end. In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be redesigned wherein the overall length of the selective antisense compound remains the same, but wherein the length of the 3′-wing is increased to 1-10 nucleosides and/or the position of the target-selective nucleoside is moved closer to the 3′-end of the gap, for example the 1^(St) or 2^(nd) nucleoside of the gap from the 3′-end. In certain embodiments, a selective antisense compound may be redesigned wherein the overall length of the selective antisense compound remains the same, but wherein the length of the 3′-wing is increased to 1-10 nucleosides and/or the position of the target-selective nucleoside is moved closer to the 5′-end of the gap, for example the 1^(st) or 2^(nd) nucleoside of the gap from the 5′-end. In this manner, the selectivity of the selective antisense compound relative to the first non-target nucleic acid may be retained, while also increasing selectivity of the selective antisense compound relative to the second non-target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, redesign of the selective antisense compound will retain a single-differentiating nucleobase relative to the first non-target nucleic acid and increase the number of differentiating nucleobases between the selective antisense compound and the second non-target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the first non-target nucleic acid is wild-type huntingtin and the second non-target nucleic acid is bone morphogenetic protein receptor, type IA.

ii. Mismatches to the Target Nucleic Acid

In certain embodiments, selective antisense compounds comprise one or more mismatched nucleobases relative to the target nucleic acid. In certain such embodiments, antisense activity against the target is reduced by such mismatch, but activity against the non-target is reduced by a greater amount. Thus, in certain embodiments selectivity is improved. Any nucleobase other than the differentiating nucleobase is suitable for a mismatch. In certain embodiments, however, the mismatch is specifically positioned within the gap of an oligonucleotide having a gapmer motif. In certain embodiments, a mismatch relative to the target nucleic acid is at positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 from the 5′-end of the gap region. In certain embodiments, a mismatch relative to the target nucleic acid is at positions 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 of the antisense compounds from the 3′-end of the gap region. In certain embodiments, a mismatch relative to the target nucleid acid is at positions 1, 2, 3, or 4 of the antisense compounds from the 5′-end of the wing region. In certain embodiments, a mismatch relative to the target nucleid acid is at positions 4, 3, 2, or 1 of the antisense compounds from the 3′-end of the wing region.

iii. Self Complementary Regions

In certain embodiments, selective antisense compounds comprise a region that is not complementary to the target. In certain embodiments, such region is complementary to another region of the antisense compound. Such regions are referred to herein as self-complementary regions. For example, in certain embodiments, an antisense compound has a first region at one end that is complementary to a second region at the other end. In certain embodiments, one of the first and second regions is complementary to the target nucleic acid. Unless the target nucleic acid also includes a self-complementary region, the other of the first and second region of the antisense compound will not be complementary to the target nucleic acid. For illustrative purposes, certain antisense compounds have the following nucleobase motif:

ABCXXXXXXXXXC′B′A′;

ABCXXXXXXX(X/C′)(X/B′)(X/A′);

(X/A)(X/B)(X/C)XXXXXXXXXC′B′A′

where each of A, B, and C are any nucleobase; A′, B′, and C′ are the complementary bases to A, B, and C, respectively; each X is a nucleobase complementary to the target nucleic acid; and two letters in parentheses (e.g., (X/C′)) indicates that the nucleobase is complementary to the target nucleic acid and to the designated nucleoside within the antisense oligonucleotide.

Without being bound to any mechanism, in certain embodiments, such antisense compounds are expected to form self-structure, which is disrupted upon contact with a target nucleic acid. Contact with a non-target nucleic acid is expected to disrupt the self-structure to a lesser degree, thus increasing selectivity compared to the same antisense compound lacking the self-complementary regions.

iv. Combinations of Features

Though it is clear to one of skill in the art, the above motifs and other elements for increasing selectivity may be used alone or in combination. For example, a single antisense compound may include any one, two, three, or more of: self-complementary regions, a mismatch relative to the target nucleic acid, a short nucleoside gap, an interrupted gap, and specific placement of the selective nucleoside.

D. Certain Target Nucleic Acids

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds comprise or consist of an oligonucleotide comprising a region that is complementary to a target nucleic acid. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is an endogenous RNA molecule. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a non-coding RNA. In certain such embodiments, the target non-coding RNA is selected from: a long-non-coding RNA, a short non-coding RNA, an intronic RNA molecule, a snoRNA, a scaRNA, a microRNA (including pre-microRNA and mature microRNA), a ribosomal RNA, and promoter directed RNA. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid encodes a protein. In certain such embodiments, the target nucleic acid is selected from: an mRNA and a pre-mRNA, including intronic, exonic and untranslated regions. In certain embodiments, oligomeric compounds are at least partially complementary to more than one target nucleic acid. For example, antisense compounds of the present invention may mimic microRNAs, which typically bind to multiple targets.

In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid other than a mature mRNA. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a nucleic acid other than a mature mRNA or a microRNA. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a non-coding RNA other than a microRNA. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a non-coding RNA other than a microRNA or an intronic region of a pre-mRNA. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a long non-coding RNA. In certain embodiments, the target RNA is an mRNA. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a pre-mRNA.

In certain such embodiments, the target region is entirely within an intron. In certain embodiments, the target region spans an intron/exon junction. In certain embodiments, the target region is at least 50% within an intron. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is selected from among non-coding RNA, including exonic regions of pre-mRNA. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a ribosomal RNA (rRNA). In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a non-coding RNA associated with splicing of other pre-mRNAs. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a nuclear-retained non-coding RNA.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds described herein are complementary to a target nucleic acid comprising a single-nucleotide polymorphism. In certain such embodiments, the antisense compound is capable of modulating expression of one allele of the single-nucleotide polymorphism-containing-target nucleic acid to a greater or lesser extent than it modulates another allele. In certain embodiments an antisense compound hybridizes to a single-nucleotide polymorphism-containing-target nucleic acid at the single-nucleotide polymorphism site. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a Huntingtin gene transcript. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a single-nucleotide polymorphism-containing-target nucleic acid of a Huntingtin gene transcript. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is not a Huntingtin gene transcript. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is a single-nucleotide polymorphism-containing-target nucleic acid of a gene transcript other than Huntingtin. In certain embodiments, the target nucleic acid is any nucleic acid other than a Huntingtin gene transcript.

a. Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism

In certain embodiments, the invention provides selective antisense compounds that have greater activity for a target nucleic acid than for a homologous or partially homologous non-target nucleic acid. In certain such embodiments, the target and non-target nucleic acids are not functionally related to one another (e.g., are transcripts from different genes). In certain embodiments, the target and not-targe nucleic acids are allelic variants of one another. Certain embodiments of the present invention provide methods, compounds, and compositions for selectively inhibiting mRNA and protein expression of an allelic variant of a particular gene or DNA sequence. In certain embodiments, the allelic variant contains a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). In certain embodiments, a SNP is associated with a mutant allele. In certain embodiments, a mutant SNP is associated with a disease. In certain embodiments a mutant SNP is associated with a disease, but is not causative of the disease. In certain embodiments, mRNA and protein expression of a mutant allele is associated with disease.

In certain embodiments, the expressed gene product of a mutant allele results in aggregation of the mutant proteins causing disease. In certain embodiments, the expressed gene product of a mutant allele results in gain of function causing disease. In certain embodiments, genes with an autosomal dominant mutation resulting in a toxic gain of function of the protein are the APP gene encoding amyloid precursor protein involved in Alzheimer's disease (Gene, 371: 68, 2006); the PrP gene encoding prion protein involved in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and in fatal familial insomnia (Nat. Med. 1997, 3: 1009); GFAP gene encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein involved in Alexander disease (J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:111623); alpha-synuclein gene encoding alpha-synuclein protein involved in Parkinson's disease (J. Clin. Invest. 2003, 111: 145); SOD-1 gene encoding the SOD-1 protein involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Science 1998, 281: 1851); atrophin-1 gene encoding atrophin-1 protein involved in dentato-rubral and pallido-luysian atrophy (DRPA) (Trends Mol. Med. 2001, 7: 479); SCA1 gene encoding ataxin-1 protein involved in spino-cerebellar ataxia-1 (SCA1) (Protein Sci. 2003, 12: 953); PLP gene encoding proteolipid protein involved in Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (NeuroMol Med. 2007, 4: 73); DYT1 gene encoding torsinA protein involved in Torsion dystonia (Brain Res. 2000, 877: 379); and alpha-B crystalline gene encoding alpha-B crystalline protein involved in protein aggregation diseases, including cardiomyopathy (Cell 2007, 130: 427); alphal-antitrypsin gene encoding alphal-antitrypsin protein involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (New Engl J Med. 2002, 346: 45); Ltk gene encoding leukocyte tyrosine kinase protein involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (Hum. Mol. Gen. 2004, 13: 171); PCSK9 gene encoding PCSK9 protein involved in hypercholesterolemia (Hum Mutat. 2009, 30: 520); prolactin receptor gene encoding prolactin receptor protein involved in breast tumors (Proc. Natl. Assoc. Sci. 2008, 105: 4533); CCL5 gene encoding the chemokine CCL5 involved in COPD and asthma (Eur. Respir. J. 2008, 32: 327); PTPN22 gene encoding PTPN22 protein involved in Type 1 diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Graves disease, and SLE (Proc. Natl. Assoc. Sci. 2007, 104: 19767); androgen receptor gene encoding the androgen receptor protein involved in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy or Kennedy's disease (J Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2008, 108: 245); CHMP4B gene encoding chromatin modifying protein-4B involved in progressive childhood posterior subcapsular cataracts (Am. J. Hum. Genet 2007, 81: 596); FXR/NR1H4 gene encoding Farnesoid X receptor protein involved in cholesterol gallstone disease, arthrosclerosis and diabetes (Mol. Endocrinol. 2007, 21: 1769); ABCA1 gene encoding ABCA1 protein involved in cardiovascular disease (Transl. Res. 2007, 149: 205); CaSR gene encoding the calcium sensing receptor protein involved in primary hypercalciuria (Kidney Int. 2007, 71: 1155); alpha-globin gene encoding alpha-globin protein involved in alpha-thallasemia (Science 2006, 312: 1215); httlpr gene encoding HTTLPR protein involved in obsessive compulsive disorder (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 78: 815); AVP gene encoding arginine vasopressin protein in stress-related disorders such as anxiety disorders and comorbid depression (CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2006, 5: 167); GNAS gene encoding G proteins involved in congenital visual defects, hypertension, metabolic syndrome (Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2006, 27: 260); APAF1 gene encoding APAF 1 protein involved in a predisposition to major depression (Mol. Psychiatry 2006, 11: 76); TGF-beta1 gene encoding TGF-beta1 protein involved in breast cancer and prostate cancer (Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2004, 13: 759); AChR gene encoding acetylcholine receptor involved in congential myasthenic syndrome (Neurology 2004, 62: 1090); P2Y12 gene encoding adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor protein involved in risk of peripheral arterial disease (Circulation 2003, 108: 2971); LQT1 gene encoding LQT1 protein involved in atrial fibrillation (Cardiology 2003, 100: 109); RET protooncogene encoding RET protein involved in sporadic pheochromocytoma (J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88: 4911); filamin A gene encoding filamin A protein involved in various congenital malformations (Nat. Genet. 2003, 33: 487); TARDBP gene encoding TDP-43 protein involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Hum. Mol. Gene.t 2010, 19: 671); SCA3 gene encoding ataxin-3 protein involved in Machado-Joseph disease (PLoS One 2008, 3: e3341); SCA7 gene encoding ataxin-7 protein involved in spino-cerebellar ataxia-7 (PLoS One 2009, 4: e7232); and HTT gene encoding huntingtin protein involved in Huntington's disease (Neurobiol Dis. 1996, 3:183); and the CA4 gene encoding carbonic anhydrase 4 protein, CRX gene encoding cone-rod homeobox transcription factor protein, FSCN2 gene encoding retinal fascin homolog 2 protein, IMPDH1 gene encoding inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 protein, NR2E3 gene encoding nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group E3 protein, NRL gene encoding neural retina leucine zipper protein, PRPF3 (RP 18) gene encoding pre-mRNA splicing factor 3 protein, PRPF8 (RP13) gene encoding pre-mRNA splicing factor 8 protein, PRPF31 (RP11) gene encoding pre-mRNA splicing factor 31 protein, RDS gene encoding peripherin 2 protein, ROM1 gene encoding rod outer membrane protein 1 protein, RHO gene encoding rhodopsin protein, RP1 gene encoding RP1 protein, RPGR gene encoding retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator protein, all of which are involved in Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa disease (Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008, 613:203)

In certain embodiments, the mutant allele is associated with any disease from the group consisting of Alzheimer's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, fatal familial insomnia, Alexander disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, dentato-rubral and pallido-luysian atrophy DRPA, spino-cerebellar ataxia, Torsion dystonia, cardiomyopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, systemic lupus erythematosus, hypercholesterolemia, breast cancer, asthma, Type 1 diabetes, Rheumatoid arthritis, Graves disease, SLE, spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, Kennedy's disease, progressive childhood posterior subcapsular cataracts, cholesterol gallstone disease, arthrosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, primary hypercalciuria, alpha-thallasemia, obsessive compulsive disorder, Anxiety, comorbid depression, congenital visual defects, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, prostate cancer, congential myasthenic syndrome, peripheral arterial disease, atrial fibrillation, sporadic pheochromocytoma, congenital malformations, Machado-Joseph disease, Huntington's disease, and Autosomal Dominant Retinitis Pigmentosa disease.

i. Certain Huntingtin Targets

In certain embodiments, an allelic variant of huntingtin is selectively reduced. Nucleotide sequences that encode huntingtin include, without limitation, the following: GENBANK Accession No. NT_006081.18, truncated from nucleotides 1566000 to 1768000 incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1, and NM_002111.6, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 2.

Table 4 provides SNPs found in the GM04022, GM04281, GM02171, and GM02173B cell lines. Also provided are the allelic variants found at each SNP position, the genotype for each of the cell lines, and the percentage of HD patients having a particular allelic variant. For example, the two allelic variants for SNP rs6446723 are T and C. The GM04022 cell line is heterozygous TC, the GM02171 cell line is homozygous CC, the GM02173 cell line is heterozygous TC, and the GM04281 cell line is homozygous TT. Fifty percent of HD patients have a T at SNP position rs6446723.

TABLE 4 Allelic Variations for SNPs Associated with HD SNP Variation GM04022 GM02171 GM02173 GM04281 TargetPOP allele rs6446723 T/C TC CC TC TT 0.50 T rs3856973 A/G AG AA AG GG 0.50 G rs2285086 A/G AG GG AG AA 0.50 A rs363092 A/C  AC AA AC CC 0.49 C rs916171 C/G GC GG GC CC 0.49 C rs6844859 T/C TC CC TC TT 0.49 T rs7691627 A/G AG AA AG GG 0.49 G rs4690073 A/G AG AA AG GG 0.49 G rs2024115 A/G AG GG AG AA 0.48 A rs11731237 T/C CC CC TC TT 0.43 T rs362296 A/C  CC AC AC AC 0.42 C rs10015979 A/G AA AA AG GG 0.42 G rs7659144 C/G CG CG CG CC 0.41 C rs363096 T/C CC CC TC TT 0.40 T rs362273 A/G AA AG AG AA 0.39 A rs16843804 T/C CC TC TC CC 0.38 C rs362271 A/G GG AG AG GG 0.38 G rs362275 T/C CC TC TC CC 0.38 C rs3121419 T/C CC TC TC CC 0.38 C rs362272 A/G GG — AG GG 0.38 G rs3775061 A/G AA AG AG AA 0.38 A rs34315806 T/C CC TC TC CC 0.38 C rs363099 T/C CC TC TC CC 0.38 C rs2298967 T/C TT TC TC TT 0.38 T rs363088 A/T  AA TA TA AA 0.38 A rs363064 T/C CC TC TC CC 0.35 C rs363102 A/G AG AA AA AA 0.23 G rs2798235 A/G AG GG GG GG 0.21 A rs363080 T/C TC CC CC CC 0.21 T rs363072 A/T  TA TA AA AA 0.13 A rs363125 A/C  AC AC CC CC 0.12 C rs362303 T/C TC TC CC CC 0.12 C rs362310 T/C TC TC CC CC 0.12 C rs10488840 A/G AG AG GG GG 0.12 G rs362325 T/C TC TC TT TT 0.11 T rs35892913 A/G GG GG GG GG 0.10 A rs363102 A/G AG AA AA AA 0.09 A rs363096 T/C CC CC TC TT 0.09 C rs11731237 T/C CC CC TC TT 0.09 C rs10015979 A/G AA AA AG GG 0.08 A rs363080 T/C TC CC CC CC 0.07 C rs2798235 A/G AG GG GG GG 0.07 G rs1936032 C/G GC CC CC CC 0.06 C rs2276881 A/G GG GG GG GG 0.06 G rs363070 A/G AA AA AA AA 0.06 A rs35892913 A/G GG GG GG GG 0.04 G rs12502045 T/C CC CC CC CC 0.04 C rs6446723 T/C TC CC TC TT 0.04 C rs7685686 A/G AG GG AG AA 0.04 G rs3733217 T/C CC CC CC CC 0.03 C rs6844859 T/C TC CC TC TT 0.03 C rs362331 T/C TC CC TC TT 0.03 C

E. Certain Indications

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating an animal or individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions as described herein. In certain embodiments, the individual or animal has Huntington's disease.

In certain embodiments, compounds targeted to huntingtin as described herein may be administered to reduce the severity of physiological symptoms of Huntington's disease. In certain embodiments, compounds targeted to huntingtin as described herein may be administered to reduce the rate of degeneration in an individual or an animal having Huntington's disease. In certain embodiments, compounds targeted to huntingtin as described herein may be administered regeneration function in an individual or an animal having Huntington's disease. In certain embodiments, symptoms of Huntingtin's disease may be reversed by treatment with a compound as described herein.

In certain embodiments, compounds targeted to huntingtin as described herein may be administered to ameliorate one or more symptoms of Huntington's disease. In certain embodiments administration of compounds targeted to huntingtin as described herein may improve the symptoms of Huntington's disease as measured by any metric known to those having skill in the art. In certain embodiments, administration of compounds targeted to huntingtin as described herein may improve a rodent's rotaraod assay performance. In certain embodiments, administration of compounds targeted to huntingtin as described herein may improve a rodent's plus maze assay. In certain embodiments, administration of compounds targeted to huntingtin as described herein may improve a rodent's open field assay performance.

Accordingly, provided herein are methods for ameliorating a symptom associated with Huntington's disease in a subject in need thereof. In certain embodiments, provided is a method for reducing the rate of onset of a symptom associated with Huntington's disease. In certain embodiments, provided is a method for reducing the severity of a symptom associated with Huntington's disease. In certain embodiments, provided is a method for regenerating neurological function as shown by an improvement of a symptom associated with Huntington's disease. In such embodiments, the methods comprise administering to an individual or animal in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound targeted to a huntingtin nucleic acid.

Huntington's disease is characterized by numerous physical, neurological, psychiatric, and/or peripheral symptoms. Any symptom known to one of skill in the art to be associated with Huntington's disease can be ameliorated or otherwise modulated as set forth above in the methods described above. In certain embodiments, the symptom is a physical symptom selected from the group consisting of restlessness, lack of coordination, unintentionally initiated motions, unintentionally uncompleted motions, unsteady gait, chorea, rigidity, writhing motions, abnormal posturing, instability, abnormal facial expressions, difficulty chewing, difficulty swallowing, difficulty speaking, seizure, and sleep disturbances. In certain embodiments, the symptom is a cognitive symptom selected from the group consisting of impaired planning, impaired flexibility, impaired abstract thinking, impaired rule acquisition, impaired initiation of appropriate actions, impaired inhibition of inappropriate actions, impaired short-term memory, impaired long-term memory, paranoia, disorientation, confusion, hallucination and dementia. In certain embodiments, the symptom is a psychiatric symptom selected from the group consisting of anxiety, depression, blunted affect, egocentrisms, aggression, compulsive behavior, irritability and suicidal ideation. In certain embodiments, the symptom is a peripheral symptom selected from the group consisting of reduced brain mass, muscle atrophy, cardiac failure, impaired glucose tolerance, weight loss, osteoporosis, and testicular atrophy.

In certain embodiments, the symptom is restlessness. In certain embodiments, the symptom is lack of coordination. In certain embodiments, the symptom is unintentionally initiated motions. In certain embodiments, the symptom is unintentionally uncompleted motions. In certain embodiments, the symptom is unsteady gait. In certain embodiments, the symptom is chorea. In certain embodiments, the symptom is rigidity. In certain embodiments, the symptom is writhing motions. In certain embodiments, the symptom is abnormal posturing. In certain embodiments, the symptom is instability. In certain embodiments, the symptom is abnormal facial expressions. In certain embodiments, the symptom is difficulty chewing. In certain embodiments, the symptom is difficulty swallowing. In certain embodiments, the symptom is difficulty speaking. In certain embodiments, the symptom is seizures. In certain embodiments, the symptom is sleep disturbances.

In certain embodiments, the symptom is impaired planning. In certain embodiments, the symptom is impaired flexibility. In certain embodiments, the symptom is impaired abstract thinking. In certain embodiments, the symptom is impaired rule acquisition. In certain embodiments, the symptom is impaired initiation of appropriate actions. In certain embodiments, the symptom is impaired inhibition of inappropriate actions. In certain embodiments, the symptom is impaired short-term memory. In certain embodiments, the symptom is impaired long-term memory. In certain embodiments, the symptom is paranoia. In certain embodiments, the symptom is disorientation. In certain embodiments, the symptom is confusion. In certain embodiments, the symptom is hallucination. In certain embodiments, the symptom is dementia.

In certain embodiments, the symptom is anxiety. In certain embodiments, the symptom is depression. In certain embodiments, the symptom is blunted affect. In certain embodiments, the symptom is egocentrism. In certain embodiments, the symptom is aggression. In certain embodiments, the symptom is compulsive behavior. In certain embodiments, the symptom is irritability. In certain embodiments, the symptom is suicidal ideation.

In certain embodiments, the symptom is reduced brain mass. In certain embodiments, the symptom is muscle atrophy. In certain embodiments, the symptom is cardiac failure. In certain embodiments, the symptom is impaired glucose tolerance. In certain embodiments, the symptom is weight loss. In certain embodiments, the symptom is osteoporosis. In certain embodiments, the symptom is testicular atrophy.

In certain embodiments, symptoms of Huntington's disease may be quantifiable. For example, osteoporosis may be measured and quantified by, for example, bone density scans. For such symptoms, in certain embodiments, the symptom may be reduced by about 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 99%, or a range defined by any two of these values.

In certain embodiments, provided are methods of treating an individual comprising administering one or more pharmaceutical compositions as described herein. In certain embodiments, the individual has Huntington's disease.

In certain embodiments, administration of an antisense compound targeted to a huntingtin nucleic acid results in reduction of huntingtin expression by at least about 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 or 99%, or a range defined by any two of these values.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprising an antisense compound targeted to huntingtin are used for the preparation of a medicament for treating a patient suffering or susceptible to Huntington's disease.

F. Certain Pharmaceutical Compositions

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more antisense compound. In certain embodiments, such pharmaceutical composition comprises a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a sterile saline solution and one or more antisense compound. In certain embodiments, such pharmaceutical composition consists of a sterile saline solution and one or more antisense compound. In certain embodiments, the sterile saline is pharmaceutical grade saline. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more antisense compound and sterile water. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition consists of one or more antisense compound and sterile water. In certain embodiments, the sterile saline is pharmaceutical grade water. In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more antisense compound and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition consists of one or more antisense compound and sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In certain embodiments, the sterile saline is pharmaceutical grade PBS.

In certain embodiments, antisense compounds may be admixed with pharmaceutically acceptable active and/or inert substances for the preparation of pharmaceutical compositions or formulations. Compositions and methods for the formulation of pharmaceutical compositions depend on a number of criteria, including, but not limited to, route of administration, extent of disease, or dose to be administered.

Pharmaceutical compositions comprising antisense compounds encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions comprising antisense compounds comprise one or more oligonucleotide which, upon administration to an animal, including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to pharmaceutically acceptable salts of antisense compounds, prodrugs, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, sodium and potassium salts.

A prodrug can include the incorporation of additional nucleosides at one or both ends of an oligomeric compound which are cleaved by endogenous nucleases within the body, to form the active antisense oligomeric compound.

Lipid moieties have been used in nucleic acid therapies in a variety of methods. In certain such methods, the nucleic acid is introduced into preformed liposomes or lipoplexes made of mixtures of cationic lipids and neutral lipids. In certain methods, DNA complexes with mono- or poly-cationic lipids are formed without the presence of a neutral lipid. In certain embodiments, a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to a particular cell or tissue. In certain embodiments, a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to fat tissue. In certain embodiments, a lipid moiety is selected to increase distribution of a pharmaceutical agent to muscle tissue.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise one or more modified oligonucleotides and one or more excipients. In certain such embodiments, excipients are selected from water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylase, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprises a delivery system. Examples of delivery systems include, but are not limited to, liposomes and emulsions. Certain delivery systems are useful for preparing certain pharmaceutical compositions including those comprising hydrophobic compounds. In certain embodiments, certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide are used.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprises one or more tissue-specific delivery molecules designed to deliver the one or more pharmaceutical agents of the present invention to specific tissues or cell types. For example, in certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions include liposomes coated with a tissue-specific antibody.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein comprises a co-solvent system. Certain of such co-solvent systems comprise, for example, benzyl alcohol, a nonpolar surfactant, a water-miscible organic polymer, and an aqueous phase. In certain embodiments, such co-solvent systems are used for hydrophobic compounds. A non-limiting example of such a co-solvent system is the VPD co-solvent system, which is a solution of absolute ethanol comprising 3% w/v benzyl alcohol, 8% w/v of the nonpolar surfactant Polysorbate 80™ and 65% w/v polyethylene glycol 300. The proportions of such co-solvent systems may be varied considerably without significantly altering their solubility and toxicity characteristics. Furthermore, the identity of co-solvent components may be varied: for example, other surfactants may be used instead of Polysorbate 80™; the fraction size of polyethylene glycol may be varied; other biocompatible polymers may replace polyethylene glycol, e.g., polyvinyl pyrrolidone; and other sugars or polysaccharides may substitute for dextrose.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition provided herein is prepared for oral administration. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are prepared for buccal administration.

In certain embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared for administration by injection (e.g., intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, etc.). In certain of such embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprises a carrier and is formulated in aqueous solution, such as water or physiologically compatible buffers such as Hanks's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. In certain embodiments, other ingredients are included (e.g., ingredients that aid in solubility or serve as preservatives). In certain embodiments, injectable suspensions are prepared using appropriate liquid carriers, suspending agents and the like. Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are presented in unit dosage form, e.g., in ampoules or in multi-dose containers. Certain pharmaceutical compositions for injection are suspensions, solutions or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Certain solvents suitable for use in pharmaceutical compositions for injection include, but are not limited to, lipophilic solvents and fatty oils, such as sesame oil, synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or triglycerides, and liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may contain.

G. Administration

In certain embodiments, the compounds and compositions as described herein are administered parenterally.

In certain embodiments, parenteral administration is by infusion. Infusion can be chronic or continuous or short or intermittent. In certain embodiments, infused pharmaceutical agents are delivered with a pump. In certain embodiments, parenteral administration is by injection.

In certain embodiments, compounds and compositions are delivered to the CNS. In certain embodiments, compounds and compositions are delivered to the cerebrospinal fluid. In certain embodiments, compounds and compositions are administered to the brain parenchyma. In certain embodiments, compounds and compositions are delivered to an animal by intrathecal administration, or intracerebroventricular administration. Broad distribution of compounds and compositions, described herein, within the central nervous system may be achieved with intraparenchymal administration, intrathecal administration, or intracerebroventricular administration.

In certain embodiments, parenteral administration is by injection. The injection may be delivered with a syringe or a pump. In certain embodiments, the injection is a bolus injection. In certain embodiments, the injection is administered directly to a tissue, such as striatum, caudate, cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum.

Therefore, in certain embodiments, delivery of a compound or composition described herein can affect the pharmacokinetic profile of the compound or composition. In certain embodiments, injection of a compound or composition described herein, to a targeted tissue improves the pharmacokinetic profile of the compound or composition as compared to infusion of the compound or composition. In a certain embodiment, the injection of a compound or composition improves potency compared to broad diffusion, requiring less of the compound or composition to achieve similar pharmacology. In certain embodiments, similar pharmacology refers to the amount of time that a target mRNA and/or target protein is down-regulated (e.g. duration of action). In certain embodiments, methods of specifically localizing a pharmaceutical agent, such as by bolus injection, decreases median effective concentration (EC50) by a factor of about 50 (e.g. 50 fold less concentration in tissue is required to achieve the same or similar pharmacodynamic effect). In certain embodiments, methods of specifically localizing a pharmaceutical agent, such as by bolus injection, decreases median effective concentration (EC50) by a factor of 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50. In certain embodiments the pharmaceutical agent in an antisense compound as further described herein. In certain enbodiments, the targeted tissue is brain tissue. In certain enbodiments the targeted tissue is striatal tissue. In certain embodiments, decreasing EC50 is desirable because it reduces the dose required to achieve a pharmacological result in a patient in need thereof.

In certain embodiments, an antisense oligonucleotide is delivered by injection or infusion once every month, every two months, every 90 days, every 3 months, every 6 months, twice a year or once a year.

H. Certain Combination Therapies

In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions are co-administered with one or more other pharmaceutical agents. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat the same disease, disorder, or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat a different disease, disorder, or condition as the one or more pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In certain embodiments, such one or more other pharmaceutical agents are designed to treat an undesired side effect of one or more pharmaceutical compositions as described herein. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to treat an undesired effect of that other pharmaceutical agent. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to produce a combinational effect. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions are co-administered with another pharmaceutical agent to produce a synergistic effect.

In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at the same time. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are administered at different times. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared together in a single formulation. In certain embodiments, one or more pharmaceutical compositions and one or more other pharmaceutical agents are prepared separately.

In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical agents that may be co-administered with a pharmaceutical composition of include antipsychotic agents, such as, e.g., haloperidol, chlorpromazine, clozapine, quetapine, and olanzapine; antidepressant agents, such as, e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline hydrochloride, venlafaxine and nortriptyline; tranquilizing agents such as, e.g., benzodiazepines, clonazepam, paroxetine, venlafaxin, and beta-blockers; mood-stabilizing agents such as, e.g., lithium, valproate, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine; paralytic agents such as, e.g., Botulinum toxin; and/or other experimental agents including, but not limited to, tetrabenazine (Xenazine), creatine, conezyme Q10, trehalose, docosahexanoic acids, ACR16, ethyl-EPA, atomoxetine, citalopram, dimebon, memantine, sodium phenylbutyrate, ramelteon, ursodiol, zyprexa, xenasine, tiapride, riluzole, amantadine, [123I]MNI-420, atomoxetine, tetrabenazine, digoxin, detromethorphan, warfarin, alprozam, ketoconazole, omeprazole, and minocycline.

Nonlimiting Disclosure and Incorporation by Reference

While certain compounds, compositions and methods described herein have been described with specificity in accordance with certain embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the compounds described herein and are not intended to limit the same. Each of the references, GenBank accession numbers, and the like recited in the present application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Although the sequence listing accompanying this filing identifies each sequence as either “RNA” or “DNA” as required, in reality, those sequences may be modified with any combination of chemical modifications. One of skill in the art will readily appreciate that such designation as “RNA” or “DNA” to describe modified oligonucleotides is, in certain instances, arbitrary. For example, an oligonucleotide comprising a nucleoside comprising a 2′-OH sugar moiety and a thymine base could be described as a DNA having a modified sugar (2′-OH for the natural 2′-H of DNA) or as an RNA having a modified base (thymine (methylated uracil) for natural uracil of RNA).

Accordingly, nucleic acid sequences provided herein, including, but not limited to those in the sequence listing, are intended to encompass nucleic acids containing any combination of natural or modified RNA and/or DNA, including, but not limited to such nucleic acids having modified nucleobases. By way of further example and without limitation, an oligomeric compound having the nucleobase sequence “ATCGATCG” encompasses any oligomeric compounds having such nucleobase sequence, whether modified or unmodified, including, but not limited to, such compounds comprising RNA bases, such as those having sequence “AUCGAUCG” and those having some DNA bases and some RNA bases such as “AUCGATCG” and oligomeric compounds having other modified or naturally occurring bases, such as “AT^(me)CGAUCG,” wherein ^(me)C indicates a cytosine base comprising a methyl group at the 5-position.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate certain embodiments of the present invention and are not limiting. Moreover, where specific embodiments are provided, the inventors have contemplated generic application of those specific embodiments. For example, disclosure of an oligonucleotide having a particular motif provides reasonable support for additional oligonucleotides having the same or similar motif. And, for example, where a particular high-affinity modification appears at a particular position, other high-affinity modifications at the same position are considered suitable, unless otherwise indicated.

To allow assessment of the relative effects of nucleobase sequence and chemical modification, throughout the examples, oligomeric compounds are assigned a “Sequence Code.” Oligomeric compounds having the same Sequence Code have the same nucleobase sequence. Oligomeric compounds having different Sequence Codes have different nucleobase sequences.

Example 1: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Huntingtin (HTT) Gene Sequence

SNP positions (identified by Hayden et al, WO/2009/135322) associated with the HTT gene were mapped to the HTT genomic sequence, designated herein as SEQ ID NO: 1 (NT_006081.18 truncated from nucleotides 1566000 to 1768000). Table 5 provides SNP positions associated with the HTT gene. Table 5 provides a reference SNP ID number from the Entrez SNP database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=snp), incorporated herein by reference. Table 5 furnishes further details on each SNP. The ‘Reference SNP ID number’ or ‘RS number’ is the number designated to each SNP from the Entrez SNP database at NCBI, incorporated herein by reference. ‘SNP position’ refers to the nucleotide position of the SNP on SEQ ID NO: 1. ‘Polymorphism’ indicates the nucleotide variants at that SNP position. ‘Major allele’ indicates the nucleotide associated with the major allele, or the nucleotide present in a statistically significant proportion of individuals in the human population. ‘Minor allele’ indicates the nucleotide associated with the minor allele, or the nucleotide present in a relatively small proportion of individuals in the human population.

TABLE 5 Single Nuclear Polymorphisms (SNPs) and their positions on SEQ ID NO: 1 SNP Major Minor RS No. position Polymorphism allele allele rs2857936 1963 C/T C T rs12506200 3707 A/G G A rs762855 14449 A/G G A rs3856973 19826 G/A G A rs2285086 28912 G/A A G rs7659144 37974 C/G C G rs16843804 44043 C/T C T rs2024115 44221 G/A A G rs10015979 49095 A/G A G rs7691627 51063 A/G G A rs2798235 54485 G/A G A rs4690072 62160 G/T  T G rs6446723 66466 C/T T C rs363081 73280 G/A G A rs363080 73564 T/C C T rs363075 77327 G/A G A rs363064 81063 T/C C T rs3025849 83420 A/G A G rs6855981 87929 A/G G A rs363102 88669 G/A A G rs11731237 91466 C/T C T rs4690073 99803 A/G G A rs363144 100948  T/G T G rs3025838 101099 C/T C T rs34315806 101687 A/G G A rs363099 101709 T/C C T rs363096 119674 T/C T C rs2298967 125400 C/T T C rs2298969 125897 A/G G A rs6844859 130139 C/T T C rs363092 135682 C/A C A rs7685686 146795 A/G A G rs363088 149983 A/T  A T rs362331 155488 C/T T C rs916171 156468 G/C C G rs362322 161018 A/G A G rs362275 164255 T/C C T rs362273 167080 A/G A G rs2276881 171314 G/A G A rs3121419 171910 T/C C T rs362272 174633 G/A G A rs362271 175171 G/A G A rs3775061 178407 C/T C T rs362310 179429 A/G G A rs362307 181498 T/C C T rs362306 181753 G/A G A rs362303 181960 T/C C T rs362296 186660 C/A C A rs1006798 198026 A/G A G

Example 2: Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting Huntingtin (HTT) SNPs and Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor 1A (BMPR1A)

A series of modified oligonucleotides were designed to target SNP positions associated with the HTT gene. These modified oligonucleotides were evaluated for their ability to selectively inhibit mutant (mut) HTT while leaving the expression of the wild-type (wt) HTT and BMPR1A intact. In the tables, ‘k’ subscript indicates an (S)-cEt modification; ‘e’ subscript indicates MOE modification; ‘m’ before the cytosine residue indicates a 5-methyl cytosine; ‘x’ before the thymine residue indicates a 2-thiothymine; the number along with ‘d’ indicates the number of deoxyribose nucleosides; ‘o’ subscript after the sugar modification subscripts indicates a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage; ‘s’ subscript after the nucleoside indicates a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

As described above in Example 1, certain SNPs may have two or more allelic variants. For example, the two allelic variants for SNP rs7685686 are A and G. In certain embodiments, antisense oligonucleotides can be designed that target either allelic variant. In certain embodiments, a higher percentage of the population may have a particular allelic variant. Modified oligonucleotides were designed to target the G allelic variant of rs7685686. These modified oligonucleotides are described further in Table 6.

The modified oligonucleotides were tested in vitro. Selective inhibition of the modified oligonucleotides targeting BMPR1A and HTT SNP rs7685686 or rs7685686 (G) was evaluated. Selective inhibition of modified oligonucleotides targeting SNP rs6446723 with 4 mismatches to BMPR1A and targeting SNP rs363064 with 3 or 4 mismatches to BMPR1A were also evaluated. Human patient fibroblasts GM04022 cell line was used. Cultured GM04022 cells at a density of 35,000 cells per well were transfected using electroporation at 130V with 0.0, 0.37, 1.1, 3.3 and 10 μM concentrations of modified oligonucleotides. After a treatment period of approximately 24 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells. Target message for HTT and BMPR1A were measured by quantitative real-time PCR using ABI assay C_2229297_10 and RTS2623, respectively. The target mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN and the results are presented in Table 7.

The IC₅₀ of each modified oligonucleotide presented in Table 7 was calculated by plotting the concentrations of oligonucleotides used versus the percent inhibition of HTT or BMPR1A mRNA expression achieved at each concentration, and noting the concentration of oligonucleotide at which 50% inhibition of HTT or BMPR1A mRNA expression was achieved compared to the control. Selectivity for HTT was calculated by dividing the IC₅₀ for inhibition of the wild-type HTT versus the IC₅₀ for inhibiting expression of the mutant HTT mRNA. Selectivity for BMPR1A was calculated by dividing the IC₅₀ for inhibition of BMPR1A versus the IC₅₀ for inhibiting expression of the mutant HTT mRNA.

ISIS 141923 and 387916 were included in the study as negative and positive controls. ISIS 460209 or 572772 was also included in the study for comparison.

TABLE 6 Modified oligonucleotides targeting Huntingtin (HTT) SNPs and/or BMPR1A SEQ ID. Isis No. SNP Sequence (5′ to 3′) Motif NO. 460209 rs7685686 T_(es) A_(ks) A_(ks) A_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) ekk-d9-kke  3 mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(ks) mC_(e) 572772 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(es) A_(es) A_(es) A_(ks) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) eeeekk-d7-kke  4 T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(ks) mC_(e) 551429 rs7685686 T_(es) A_(es) A_(es) A_(ks) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) eeekk-d7-kke  3 mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(ks) mC_(e) 556845 rs7685686 T_(es) A_(ks) A_(ks) A_(ds) xT_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ekk-d9-kke  3 T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(ks) mC_(e) 617425 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(es) A_(es) A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) eeeeek-d7-eee  4 T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(es) mC_(es) mC_(e) 617115 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(es) A_(es) A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) eeeeek-d7-kke  4 T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(ks) mC_(e) 617116 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(es) A_(es) A_(es) A_(ks) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) eeeekk-d7-kee  4 T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(es) mC_(e) 617117 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(es) A_(es) A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) eeeeek-d7-kee  4 T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(es) mC_(e) 617118 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(eo) A_(eo) A_(eo) A_(eo) T_(ks )T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eeeeek-d7-kee  4 A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(es) mC_(e) 617119 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(eo) A_(eo) A_(eo) A_(eo) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eeeeek-d7-eee  4 A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(es) mC_(es) mC_(e) 617111 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ko) A_(eo) A_(ks) A_(ds) xT_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) ekek-d9-keke  5 A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ko) mC_(es) mC_(ks) Ae 613581 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(eo) T_(eo) A_(eo) A_(es) A_(ds) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) eeeee-d-k-d7-  6 mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(eo) mC_(eo) mC_(es) A_(es) G_(e) eeeee 613582 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(es) A_(eo) A_(eo) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) eeeeek-d7-eeeeee  7 T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(eo) mC_(eo) mC_(eo) A_(es) G_(es) A_(e) 613583 rs7685686 T_(es) A_(eo) A_(eo) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) eeeek-d7-eeeeeee  8 mC_(ds) A_(es) mC_(eo) mC_(eo) A_(eo) G_(es) A_(es) A_(e) 613584 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(eo) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) eeek-d7-eeeeeeee  9 mC_(ds) A_(es) mC_(eo) mC_(eo) A_(eo) G_(eo) A_(es) A_(es) A_(e) 613585 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(eo) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eek-d7-eeeeeeeee 10 A_(es) mC_(es) mC_(eo) A_(eo) G_(eo) A_(eo) A_(es) A_(es) A_(e) 613586 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(es) ek-d7-eeeeeeeeee 11 mC_(es) mC_(eo) A_(eo) G_(eo) A_(eo) A_(eo) A_(es) A_(es) A_(e) 613588 rs7685686 T_(es) A_(es) A_(eo) T_(eo) A_(eo) A_(eo) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) eeeeeeek-d7-eeee 12 mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(eo) mC_(es) mC_(es) A_(e) 613589 rs7685686 T_(es) T_(es) A_(eo) A_(eo) T_(eo) A_(eo) A_(eo) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) eeeeeeeek-d7-eee 13 T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(es) mC_(es) mC_(e) 617105 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(eo) A_(ko) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) eekk-d8-kkeee 14 mC_(ds) A_(ds) mC_(ko) mC_(ko) A_(es) G_(es) A_(e) 606561 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(ds) xT_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ekek-d9-keee  5 T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(es) mC_(es) A_(e) 606562 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(es) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(ds) XT_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) eeek-d9-keee  5 T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(es) mC_(es) A_(e) 611714 rs7685686 T_(es) A_(es) A_(es) A_(ks) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) eeekk-d7-kke 15 (G) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(ks) mC_(e) 611715 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(ds) xT_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(ds) ekek-d9-keke 16 (G) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(es) mC_(ks) A_(e) 611717 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(es) A_(es) A_(es) A_(ks) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(ds) eeeekk-d7-kke 17 (G) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(ks) mC_(e) 611718 rs7685686 T_(es) A_(ks) A_(ks) A_(ds) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ekk-d-k-d7-kke 15 (G) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(ks) mC_(e) 611719 rs7685686 T_(es) A_(ks) A_(ks) A_(ks) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ekkkk-d7-kke 15 (G) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(ks) mC_(e) 611720 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d9-kkke 18 (G) mC_(ds) mC_(ko) A_(ko) G_(ks) A_(e) 611721 rs7685686 T_(es) A_(es) A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) eeeek-d7-keee 19 (G) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(es) mC_(es) A_(e) 611722 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(es) A_(es) A_(es) A_(ds) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(ds) eeee-d-k-d7-keee 16 (G) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(es) mC_(es) A_(e) 611723 rs7685686 T_(es) A_(eo) A_(eo) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) eeeek-d7-keeee 20 (G) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ks) mC_(eo) mC_(eo) A_(es) G_(e) 617104 rs6446723 T_(es) A_(es) A_(eo) T_(ko) T_(ks) T_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) T_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) eeekk-d7-kkeee 21 A_(ds) mC_(ko) T_(ko) T_(es) T_(es) A_(e) 617106 rs6446723 T_(es) A_(eo) A_(ko) T_(ks) T_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) T_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) eekk-d8-kkeee 21 A_(ds) mC_(ko) T_(ko) T_(es) T_(es) A_(e) 617107 rs363064 A_(es) A_(eo) T_(ko) A_(ks) mC_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) A_(ds) eekk-d8-kkeee 38 A_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ko) T_(ko) T_(es) T_(es) T_(e) 617108 rs6446723 T_(es) A_(ko) A_(eo) T_(ks) T_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) T_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) ekek-d8-kekee 21 A_(ds) mC_(ko) T_(eo) T_(ks) T_(es) A_(e) 617109 rs6446723 A_(es) A_(eo) T_(ko) T_(ks) T_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) T_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) A_(ds) eekk-d8-kkeee 22 mC_(ds) T_(ko) T_(ko) T_(es) A_(es) T_(e) 617110 rs363064 G_(es) A_(es) A_(eo) T_(ko) A_(ks) mC_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) eeekk-d7-kkeee 39 A_(ds) A_(ds) mC_(ko) A_(ko) T_(es) T_(es) T_(e) 623182 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d8-eeekk 23 mC_(es) mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ks) A_(k) 623202 rs7685686 T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) mC_(ds) k-d9-eekeke 24 mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ko) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(e) 623203 rs7685686 T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) mC_(es) k-d8-eeekeke 24 mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ko) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(e) 623205 rs7685686 T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) mC_(ds) k-d9-eekekee 25 mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ko) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(es) A_(e) 623206 rs7685686 T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) mC_(es) k-d8-eeekekee 25 mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ko) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(es) A_(e) 623212 rs7685686 T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) mC_(ks) k-d8-keeekee 24 mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(eo) A_(ks) A_(es) A_(e) 623214 rs7685686 T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) mC_(ds) k-d9-keekeee 25 mC_(ks) A_(eo) G_(eo) A_(ks) A_(es) A_(es) A_(e) 623218 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eek-d8-eeek 26 A_(ds) mC_(eo) mC_(es) A_(es) G_(k) 623220 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eek-d9-eeke 27 A_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(eo) A_(es) G_(ks) A_(e) 623221 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eek-d8-eeeke 27 A_(ds) mC_(eo) mC_(eo) A_(es) G_(ks) A_(e) 623224 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eek-d8-eeekek 28 A_(ds) mC_(es) mC_(eo) A_(eo) G_(ks) A_(es) A_(k) 623227 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eek-d8-keee 26 A_(ds) mC_(ko) mC_(es) A_(es) G_(e) 623233 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eek-d8-keeeke 28 A_(ds) mC_(ks) mC_(eo) A_(eo) G_(es) A_(ks) A_(e) 623237 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(es) ek-d7-eeeekeke 29 mC_(es) mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ko) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(e) 623239 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d8-keeekee 29 mC_(ks) mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(eo) A_(ks) A_(es) A_(e) 623242 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d8-eeekek 30 mC_(es) mC_(eo) A_(eo) G_(ks) A_(es) A_(k) 623254 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eek-d9-eekek 31 A_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(eo) mC_(eo) G_(ks) A_(es) A_(k) 623262 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d8-eeekeke 32 mC_(es) mC_(es) mC_(eo) G_(ko) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(e) 623490 rs7685686 T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) mC_(ds) k-d9-eekekee 33 mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ko) mC_(es) A_(ks) A_(es) A_(e) 623494 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d8-eeekeke 34 mC_(es) mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ko) T_(es) A_(ks) A_(e) 387916 mC_(es) mC_(es) T_(es) T_(es) mC_(es) mC_(ds) mC_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) eeeee-d10-eeeee 35 (pos control) A_(ds) A_(ds) G_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(es) mC_(es) T_(es) mC_(es) mC_(e) 141923 T_(es) mC_(es) T_(es) mC_(es) T_(es) A_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) G_(ds) mC_(ds) eeeee-d10-eeeee 36 (neg control) A_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(es) mC_(es) A_(es) A_(es) G_(e)

TABLE 7 Selectivity of modified oligonucleotides targeting Huntingtin (HTT) SNPs and/or BMPR1A HTT Mut BMPR1A HTT BMPR1A SEQ ID ISIS NO. SNP IC₅₀ (μM) IC₅₀ (μM) Selectivity Selectivity Motif NO. 460209¹ rs7685686 <0.4 1.35 5.6 3.4 ekk-d9-kke 3 572772² rs7685686 0.27 2.23 >37 8.3 eeeekk-d7-kke 4 551429 rs7685686 <0.4 1.2 >25 >3 eeekk-d7-kke 3 556845 rs7685686 <0.4 1.5 >25 >3.8 ekk-d9-kke 3 617425 rs7685686 1.3 5 >8 3.8 eeeeek-d7-eee 4 617115 rs7685686 <0.4 1.9 >25 >5 eeeeek-d7-kke 4 617116 rs7685686 <0.4 1.7 >25 >4 eeeekk-d7-kee 4 617117 rs7685686 0.7 3.1 >14 4 eeeeek-d7-kee 4 617118 rs7685686 0.4 1.8 >25 5 eeeeek-d7-kee 4 617119 rs7685686 0.8 2.9 >13 4 eeeeek-d7-eee 4 617111 rs7685686 <0.4 1.0 >25 3 ekek-d9-keke 5 613581 rs7685686 0.9 4.4 >11 5 eeeeedk-d7-eeeee 6 613582 rs7685686 0.4 5.1 >25 13 eeeeek-d7-eeeeee 7 613583 rs7685686 0.7 4.9 >14 7 eeeek-d7-eeeeeee 8 613584 rs7685686 0.4 5.6 >25 14 eeek-d7-eeeeeeee 9 613585 rs7685686 0.4 4.8 >25 11 eek-d7-eeeeeeeee 10 613586 rs7685686 0.7 >10 >14 15 ek-d7-eeeeeeeeee 11 613588 rs7685686 0.7 4.4 >14 6 eeeeeeek-d7-eeee 12 613589 rs7685686 1.2 5.6 >8 5 eeeeeeeek-d7-eee 13 617105 rs7685686 <0.4 2 15 5 eekk-d8-kkeee 14 606561 rs7685686 <4 2.2 25 25 ekek-d9-keee 5 606562 rs7685686 0.7 3.4 25 8 eeek-d9-keee 5 611714 rs7685686 (G) 0.6 9.4 8 16 eeekk-d7-kke 15 611715 rs7685686 (G) 0.6 9.0 9 14 ekek-d9-keke 16 611717 rs7685686 (G) 0.8 10 6 12 eeeekk-d7-kke 17 611718 rs7685686 (G) 0.8 >10 9 13 ekk-d-k-d7-kke 15 611719 rs7685686 (G) 0.9 >10 4 11 ekkkk-d7-kke 15 611720 rs7685686 (G) <0.4 9.4 6 23 ek-d9-kkke 18 611721 rs7685686 (G) 0.9 >10 >11 11 eeeek-d7-keee 19 611722 rs7685686 (G) 1.5 >10 >7 7 eeee-d-k-d7-keee 16 611723 rs7685686 (G) 2.7 >10 4 4 eeeek-d7-keeee 20 617104 rs6446723 <0.4 >10 17 >25 eeekk-d7-kkeee 21 617106 rs6446723 <0.4 >10 14 >25 eekk-d8-kkeee 21 617108 rs6446723 <0.4 >10 14 >25 ekek-d8-kekee 21 617109 rs6446723 <0.4 >10 9 >25 eekk-d8-kkeee 22 623182 rs7685686 0.6 >10 17 17 ek-d8-eeekk 23 623202 rs7685686 0.8 >10 4 13 k-d9-eekeke 24 623203 rs7685686 0.8 >10 12 12 k-d8-eeekeke 24 623205 rs7685686 0.6 >10 3 17 k-d9-eekekee 25 623206 rs7685686 0.9 >10 11 11 k-d8-eeekekee 25 623212 rs7685686 1.2 >10 8 8 k-d8-keeekee 24 623214 rs7685686 1.5 >10 7 7 k-d9-keekeee 25 623218 rs7685686 1.4 >10 7 7 eek-d8-eeek 26 623220 rs7685686 1.6 >10 4 6 eek-d9-eeke 27 623221 rs7685686 1.2 >10 8 8 eek-d8-eeeke 27 623224 rs7685686 0.9 >10 11 11 eek-d8-eeekek 28 623227 rs7685686 0.9 6.9 11 8 eek-d8-keee 26 623233 rs7685686 0.6 5.4 16 9 eek-d8-keeeke 28 623237 rs7685686 0.6 9.8 18 17 ek-d7-eeeekeke 29 623239 rs7685686 0.5 7.7 19 15 ek-d8-keeekee 29 623242 rs7685686 0.6 9.9 18 18 ek-d8-eeekek 30 623254 rs7685686 1.2 4.4 5 4 eek-d9-eekek 31 623262 rs7685686 1.0 4.4 10 4 ek-d8-eeekeke 32 623490 rs7685686 1.3 4.9 2 4 k-d9-eekekee 33 623494 rs7685686 0.4 6.2 25 15 ek-d8-eeekeke 34 387916 <0.4 >10 2 25 eeeee-d10-eeeee 35 (pos control) 141923 >10 >10 1 1 eeeee-d10-eeeee 36 (neg control) ¹IC₅₀ measured from average of 2 independent assays ²IC₅₀ measured from average of 3 independent assays

Example 3: Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting HTT SNP rs7685686 and BMPR1A

A series of modified oligonucleotides were designed to target SNP positions associated with the HTT gene and BMPR1A. These modified oligonucleotides were evaluated for their ability to selectively inhibit mutant (mut) HTT while leaving the expression of the wild-type (wt) HTT and BMPR1A intact. In the tables, ‘k’ subscript indicates an (S)-cEt modification; ‘e’ subscript indicates MOE modification; ‘m’ before the cytosine residue indicates a 5-methyl cytosine; ‘x’ before the thymine residue indicates a 2-thiothymine; the number along with ‘d’ indicates the number of deoxyribose nucleosides; ‘o’ subscript after the sugar modification subscripts indicates a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage; ‘s’ subscript after the nucleoside indicates a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.

The modified oligonucleotides presented in Table 8 were tested in vitro. Selective inhibition of the modified oligonucleotides targeting HTT SNP rs7685686 and BMPR1A was evaluated. Human patient fibroblasts GM04022 cell line was used. Cultured GM04022 cells at a density of 35,000 cells per well were transfected using electroporation at 130V with 0.0, 0.12, 0.37, 1.1, 3.3 and 10 M concentrations of modified oligonucleotides. After a treatment period of approximately 24 hours, RNA was isolated from the cells. Target message for HTT and BMPR1A were measured by quantitative real-time PCR using ABI assay C_2229297_10 and RTS2623, respectively. The target mRNA levels were adjusted according to total RNA content, as measured by RIBOGREEN and the results are presented in Table 9.

The IC₅₀ of each modified oligonucleotide along with HTT and BMPR1A selectivity were calculated in the same manner as described in Example 2. Results are the average of 2 independent assays and are presented in Table 9.

ISIS 141923 and 387916 were included in the study negative and positive control. ISIS 460209 or 572772 was also included in the study for comparison.

TABLE 8 Modified oligonucleotides targeting Huntingtin (HTT) SNP rs7685686 and BMPR1A ISIS NO. SNP Sequence (5′ to 3′) Motif SEQ ID. NO. 623181 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d9-eekk 23 mC_(ds) mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ks) A_(k) 623198 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d9-keek 23 mC_(ds) mC_(ks) A_(eo) G_(es) A_(k) 623199 rs7685686 T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) k-d9-eekek 37 mC_(ds) mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ks) A_(es) A_(k) 623208 rs7685686 T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) k-d9-keekk 37 mC_(ds) mC_(ks) A_(eo) G_(es) A_(ks) A_(k) 623230 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eek-d8-kkeek 27 A_(ds) mC_(ko) mC_(ko) A_(es) G_(es) A_(k) 623232 rs7685686 A_(es) A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) eek-d9-keeke 28 A_(ds) mC_(ds) mC_(ks) A_(eo) G_(es) A_(ks) A_(e) 623235 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d9-eekeke 29 mC_(ds) mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ko) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(e) 623236 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d8-eeekeke 29 mC_(es) mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ko) A_(es) A_(ks) A_(e) 623238 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d9-keekee 29 mC_(ds) mC_(ks) A_(eo) G_(eo) A_(ks) A_(es) A_(e) 623241 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d9-eekek 30 mC_(ds) mC_(eo) A_(eo) G_(ks) A_(es) A_(k) 623243 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(es) ek-d7-eeeekek 30 mC_(es) mC_(eo) A_(eo) G_(ks) A_(es) A_(k) 623493 rs7685686 A_(es) T_(ks) T_(ds) G_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) T_(ds) mC_(ds) A_(ds) ek-d9-eekeke 34 mC_(ds) mC_(es) A_(eo) G_(ko) T_(es) A_(ks) A_(e)

TABLE 9 Selectivity of modified oligonucleotides targeting HTT SNP rs7685686 and BMPR1A HTT Mut BMPR1A HTT BMPR1A SEQ ID ISIS NO. SNP IC₅₀ (μM) IC₅₀ (μM) Selectivity Selectivity Motif NO. 460209¹ rs7685686 <0.4 1.35 5.6 3.4 ekk-d9-kke 3 572772² rs7685686 0.27 2.23 >37 8.3 eeeekk-d7-kke 4 623181 rs7685686 0.35 8.9 9.3 25.4 ek-d9-keek 23 623198 rs7685686 0.4 9.25 19.5 23.1 k-d9-eekek 23 623199 rs7685686 0.35 10 9.4 28.6 eek-d8-kkeek 37 623208 rs7685686 0.3 10 33.3 33.3 eek-d9-keeke 37 623230 rs7685686 0.35 4.6 28.6 13.1 ek-d9-eekeke 27 623232 rs7685686 0.5 7.4 15.7 14.8 ek-d8-eeekeke 28 623235 rs7685686 0.4 9.75 4.1 24.4 ek-d9-keekee 29 623236 rs7685686 0.4 8.55 21.8 21.4 ek-d9-eekek 29 623238 rs7685686 0.35 6.05 21.4 17.3 ek-d7-eeeekek 29 623241 rs7685686 0.4 6.85 5.5 17.1 ek-d9-eekeke 30 623243 rs7685686 0.55 10 18.2 18.2 ek-d9-keek 30 623493 rs7685686 0.45 5.45 7.3 12.1 k-d9-eekek 34 387916 <0.4 >10 2 25 eeeee-d10-eeeee 35 (pos control) 141923 >10 >10 1 1 eeeee-d10-eeeee 36 (neg control) ¹IC₅₀ measured from average of 2 independent assays ²IC₅₀ measured from average of 3 independent assays

Example 4: Tolerability of Modified Oligonucleotides Targeting HTT SNPs and BMPR1A

BALB/c wild type mice were separated into groups of 4 mice. Each mouse was administered a single 300 μg ICV dose of a modified oligonucleotide or a single ICV dose of PBS. At 3 hours post injection, each mouse was evaluated according to 7 different criteria. The 7 criteria are (1) the mouse was bright, alert, and responsive; (2) the mouse was standing or hunched without stimuli; (3) the mouse shows any movement without stimuli (4) the mouse demonstrates forward movement after it is lifted; (5) the mouse demonstrates any movement after it is lifted; (6) the mouse responds to a tail pinch; (7) the mouse has a regular respiratory rate. For each of the 7 different criteria, each mouse was given a sub-score of 0 if it met the criteria or 1 if it did not. After each of the 7 criteria were evaluated, the sub-scores were summed for each mouse and then averaged for each group. For example, if a mouse was bright, alert, and responsive 3 hours after the 300 μg ICV dose, and met all other criteria, it would get a summed score of 0. If another mouse was not bright, alert, and responsive 3 hours after the 300 μg ICV dose but met all other criteria, it would receive a score of 1. PBS treated mice generally receive a score of 0. A score of at the top end of the range would be suggestive of acute toxicity.

Each mouse was then evaluated weekly by a trained observer for 8 weeks and examined for adverse events (AEs). Adverse events are defined as any behavior not typical in a naive matched control animal. Animals were evaluated for adverse events including, but not limited to: limb clasping, abnormal limb splay, abnormal gait, tremors, abnormal respiration, paralysis, spasticity, impaired righting reflex, hyperactivity and lethargy. For each group, the number of animals that exhibited any adverse events during any of the 8 weekly observations was calculated. For example, a group of animals where no animals exhibited any adverse events is given a score of 0.

Body weights were also measured throughout the study. Results are presented as the average percent weight change for each group, relative to the average pre-treatment weight for the group.

Animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks. Brain and lumbar sections of the spinal cords were collected from each animal, and RT-PCR was performed. Expression levels of allograft inflammatory factor (AIF1) were determined as a measure of imflammation. Expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were also determined for some samples as a measure of glial cell activation. Cyclophilin levels were determined as a control. After normalization of all samples to cyclophilin, the values of AIF1 and/or GFAP for each treatment group were divided by the normalized value for the PBS control group in order to determine the percent AIF1 or GFAP expression relative to the PBS treated animals. Data shown below represent the mean for each group.

The results of the tolerability studies are presented in Tables 10, 11, and 12.

TABLE 10 Tolerability of modified oligonucleotides targeting HTT SNP rs6446723, HTT SNP rs363064, or HTT SNP rs7685686 and BMPR1A Body weight AIF1 in AIF1 in Isis Score No. of mice at 8 weeks spinal cord cortex No. at 3 hrs with an AE (% change) (% PBS) (% PBS) PBS 0.00 0 116 100 100 611714 2.25 1 101 292 153 611715 2.25 0 104 399 202 611717 3.75 0 106 353 92 611718 2.50 4 91 294 155 611719 0.50 1 105 213 148 611720 2.00 4 87 1199 127 611721 1.50 3 118 216 153 611722 1.75 3 107 271 150 611723 1.25 3 110 114 113 613581 1.50 3 105 95 131 613582 0.00 4 116 103 118 613583 0.00 4 115 132 95 613584 0.00 3 117 97 103 613585 0.00 3 113 99 103 613586 0.00 2 115 89 101 613588 0.25 2 116 81 131 613589 0.00 2 107 95 122 617104 1.00 1 112 121 160 617105 4.00 2 125 124 130 617106 0.25 3 112 110 116 617107 1.25 2 111 100 110 617108 0.25 3 115 97 99 617109 0.00 3 108 115 105 617110 1.75 3 115 103 131 617111 0.00 2 122 116 118 617115 0.75 3 125 111 141 617116 0.00 2 112 96 137 617117 1.25 4 107 105 109 617118 0.00 2 115 98 117 617119 0.00 3 120 93 116 617425 0.00 3 116 101 94

TABLE 11 Tolerability of modified oligonucleotides targeting HTT SNP rs7685686 and BMPR1A Body weight AIF1 in AIF1 in GFAP in GFAP in Score No. of mice at 8 weeks spinal cord cortex spinal cord cortex Isis No. at 3 hrs with an AE (% change) (% PBS) (% PBS) (% PBS) (% PBS) PBS 0.00 0 116 100 100 100 100 623202 1.25 0 122 107 100 82 104 623205 0.25 0 127 104 116 73 137 623206 0.50 0 126 72 112 68 178 623235 0.25 1 129 168 93 130 124 623241 1.50 0 128 134 116 81 120 623242 1.25 0 116 81 109 77 108

TABLE 12 Tolerability of modified oligonucleotides targeting HTT SNP rs7685686 and BMPR1A Body weight AIF1 in AIF1 in Isis Score No. of mice at 8 weeks spinal cord cortex No. at 3 hrs with an AE (% change) (% PBS) (% PBS) PBS 0.00 0 123 100 100 623181 3.75 1 126 115 84 623182 2.50 0 128 94 103 623198 1.25 1 136 126 103 623203 0.75 0 127 116 90 623208 0.75 0 128 117 104 623214 0.50 2 121 118 76 623236 0.25 0 121 125 88 623237 0.25 0 126 161 108 623243 0.50 0 123 103 80 

1.-168. (canceled)
 169. A oligomeric compound comprising a modified oligonucleotide consisting of 10 to 30 linked nucleosides, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has a modification motif comprising: a 5′-region consisting of 1-9 linked 5′-region nucleosides, each independently selected from among a modified nucleoside and an unmodified deoxynucleoside, provided that at least one 5′-region nucleoside is a modified nucleoside and wherein the 3′-most 5′-region nucleoside is a modified nucleoside; a 3′-region consisting of 2-10 linked 3′-region nucleosides, wherein each 3′-region nucleoside comprises a modified nucleoside; and a central region between the 5′-region and the 3′-region consisting of 6-10 linked central region nucleosides, each independently selected from among: a modified nucleoside and an unmodified deoxynucleoside, wherein the 5′-most central region nucleoside is an unmodified deoxynucleoside and the 3′-most central region nucleoside is an unmodified deoxynucleoside; and wherein the modified oligonucleotide has a nucleobase sequence complementary to the nucleobase sequence of a target region of a nucleic acid associated with a huntingtin transcript; wherein the nucleobase sequence of the target region of the target nucleic acid differs from the nucleobase sequence of at least one non-target nucleic acid by a single differentiating nucleobase; and wherein the single differentiating nucleobase is a single-nucleotide polymorphism selected from among rs6446723 and rs363064.
 170. The oligomeric compound of claim 169, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is rs6446723.
 171. The oligomeric compound of claim 169, wherein the single-nucleotide polymorphism is rs363064.
 172. The oligomeric compound of claim 169, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has a modification motif selected from: eeekk-d7-kkeee, eekk-d8-kkeee, and ekek-d8-kekee, wherein each “e” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside, each “k” is a cEt modified nucleoside, and each d is an unmodified deoxynucleoside.
 173. The oligomeric compound of claim 172, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has a eeekk-d7-kkeee modification motif, wherein each “e” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside, each “k” is a cEt modified nucleoside, and each d is an unmodified deoxynucleoside.
 174. The oligomeric compound of claim 172, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has a eekk-d8-kkeee modification motif, wherein each “e” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside, each “k” is a cEt modified nucleoside, and each d is an unmodified deoxynucleoside.
 175. The oligomeric compound of claim 172, wherein the modified oligonucleotide has a ekek-d8-kekee modification motif, wherein each “e” is a 2′MOE modified nucleoside, each “k” is a cEt modified nucleoside, and each d is an unmodified deoxynucleoside.
 176. The oligomeric compound of claim 169, comprising at least one modified internucleoside linkage.
 177. The oligomeric compound of claim 176, wherein each internucleoside linkage is a modified internucleoside linkage.
 178. The oligomeric compound of claim 169, comprising at least one phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
 179. The oligomeric compound of claim 177, wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
 180. The oligomeric compound of claim 176, wherein each internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage or a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.
 181. The oligomeric compound of claim 180, wherein the 5′-most internucleoside linkage of the 5′-region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, wherein the 3′-most internucleoside linkage of the 3′-region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and wherein each internucleoside linkage of the central region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage.
 182. The oligomeric compound of claim 180, wherein the 5′-most internucleoside linkage of the 5′-region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, wherein the 3′-most internucleoside linkage of the 3′-region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, wherein each internucleoside linkage of the central region is a phosphorothioate internucleoside linkage, and wherein each remaining internucleoside linkage is a phosphodiester internucleoside linkage.
 183. The oligomeric compound of claim 180, wherein the oligomeric compound contains 2 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages.
 184. The oligomeric compound of claim 180, wherein the oligomeric compound contains 3 phosphodiester internucleoside linkages. 